Portable Spectroscopy and Spectrometry, Applications: Applications (Portable Spectroscopy and Spectrometry, Volume 2)

The most comprehensive resource available on the many applications of portable spectrometers, including material not found in any other published work Portable Spectroscopy and Spectrometry: Volume Two is an authoritative and up-to-date compendium of the diverse applications for portable spectrometers across numerous disciplines. Whereas Volume One focuses on the specific technologies of the portable spectrometers themselves, Volume Two explores the use of portable instruments in wide range of fields, including pharmaceutical development, clinical research, food analysis, forensic science, geology, astrobiology, cultural heritage and archaeology. Volume Two features contributions by a multidisciplinary team of experts with hands-on experience using portable instruments in their respective areas of expertise. Organized both by instrumentation type and by scientific or technical discipline, 21 detailed chapters cover various applications of portable ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), infrared and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, Raman and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, smartphone spectroscopy, and many others. Filling a significant gap in literature on the subject, the second volume of Portable Spectroscopy and Spectrometry : Features a significant amount of content published for the first time, or not available in existing literature Brings together work by authors with assorted backgrounds and fields of study Discusses the central role of applications in portable instrument development Covers the algorithms, calibrations, and libraries that are of critical importance to successful applications of portable instruments Includes chapters on portable spectroscopy applications in areas such as the military, agriculture and feed, hazardous materials (HazMat), art conservation, and environmental science Portable Spectroscopy and Spectrometry: Volume Two is an indispensable resource for developers of portable instruments in universities, research institutes, instrument companies, civilian and government purchasers, trainers, operators of portable instruments, and educators and students in portable spectroscopy courses. Cover Title Page Copyright Contents List of Contributors Foreword Preface for Volume 2 Acknowledgements Chapter 1 The Role of Applications in Portable Spectroscopy 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Evolution of Applications 1.3 What Defines an Application? 1.3.1 Mixtures 1.3.2 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 1.3.2.1 Qualitative Analysis 1.3.2.2 Quantitative Analysis 1.3.3 Operating Space 1.3.4 Operational and Sustainment Challenges 1.4 The Return on Investment for an Application 1.5 Preparing Samples in the Field 1.6 The Commercial Success of a Portable Spectrometer 1.6.1 Marketing 1.7 Conclusions and Future Applications References Chapter 2 Identification and Confirmation Algorithms for Handheld Analyzers 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Use Case Scenarios 2.1.2 System Level Overview 2.2 Data Collection 2.2.1 Sample Considerations 2.2.2 Environmental Considerations 2.3 Data Conditioning 2.4 Types of Algorithms 2.4.1 Detection 2.4.2 Confirmation 2.4.3 Classification 2.4.4 Identification 2.4.5 Quantitation 2.5 Display of Algorithm Results 2.5.1 User Inference 2.5.2 Statistical Inference 2.6 Computational Considerations 2.6.1 Off‐Line and Cloud Computing 2.6.2 On‐Board Identification with a Large Library and Mixture Analysis 2.6.3 Incorporation of User Input 2.7 Performance Characterization 2.8 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Library and Method Development for Portable Instrumentation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Instrument Use Overview 3.3 Library Development 3.4 Qualitative Model Development 3.5 Library Build 3.6 Case Study: Building a Polymorph Library 3.7 Case Study: Counterions and Effect on Selectivity 3.7.1 Identification of Anionic Salts 3.7.2 Selectivity of the Cationic Salts 3.8 Case Study: Effect of Moisture on Peaks of Ammonium Nitrate 3.9 Case Study: Selectivity in an Explosive Sublibrary 3.10 Quantitative Method Development 3.10.1 Data Pretreatment 3.11 Building Meaningful Predictive Models 3.12 Case Study: Prediction of Protein Levels in Flour Samples 3.12.1 Further Steps for Building Up a Base Model 3.13 Summary References Chapter 4 Applications of Portable Optical Spectrometers in the Chemical Industry 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Review of Industrial Applications 4.2.1 Petrochemical and Fuel Applications 4.2.2 Chemicals and Materials Applications 4.3 In‐Depth Examples 4.3.1 Portable FTIR for Online Coating Characterization 4.3.2 Portable NIR for Polyurethane and Polyurea Foam 4.3.3 Portable Raman for Reaction Monitoring 4.4 Conclusions and Prospects References Chapter 5 The Value of Portable Spectrometers for the Analysis of Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Forensic and Legal Considerations 5.1.2 Field Analytical Overview 5.2 Field Analytical Spectroscopy Methods 5.2.1 Vibrational Spectroscopy 5.2.1.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR) Spectroscopy 5.2.1.2 Raman Spectroscopy 5.2.1.3 Near‐Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy 5.2.2 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS) 5.2.2.1 Detection and Identification of Residual Solvents and Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) 5.2.2.2 Identification of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) 5.3 Deployed Systems 5.4 The Future Acknowledgments References Chapter 6 Forensic Applications of Portable Spectrometers 6.1 Breath Alcohol Testing 6.2 White‐Powder Attacks 6.3 Illicit Drugs 6.4 Counterfeit Drugs 6.5 Explosives 6.6 Clandestine Labs 6.7 Ignitable Liquids 6.8 Future 6.9 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 7 Military Applications of Portable Spectroscopy 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Visible/Near‐Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging for Bulk Explosive Material Detection and Camouflage Defeat Applications 7.3 Infrared Spectroradiometry for Remote Hazardous Vapor Detection and Early Warning 7.4 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy for Condensed Phase Analysis (Energetics, Chemical Agents, Biological Agents) 7.5 Raman Spectroscopy for Surface Contamination Detection 7.6 Raman Spectroscopy for Presumptive Biological Hazard Classification and Early Warning of a Biowarfare Agent Attack 7.7 Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Biological Detection “Trigger” 7.8 Networked Multimodal Sensors and Data Analytics and the Future References Chapter 8 Applications of Ion Mobility Spectrometry 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Applications 8.2.1 Military Applications – Chemical Warfare Agents and Toxic Industrial Chemicals 8.2.1.1 Background 8.2.1.2 Historical Development 8.2.2 Aviation Industry – Explosive Detection and Identification 8.2.2.1 Background 8.2.2.2 Detection of Explosives 8.2.2.3 Regulation 8.2.3 Correctional Facilities 8.2.3.1 Background 8.2.3.2 Evolution in Drugs of Abuse and Challenges to Detection 8.2.4 Other Applications 8.2.4.1 Forensic Science 8.2.4.2 Emergency Response 8.2.4.3 Border Protection 8.2.4.4 Critical Infrastructure 8.3 Conclusion References Chapter 9 Portable Spectroscopy in Hazardous Materials Response 9.1 The Hazmat Clinician 9.1.1 Collecting Information 9.2 Defining the Mission: Meeting with the IC 9.2.1 Assigning Roles 9.2.2 Site Setup 9.2.3 Information Sharing 9.2.3.1 Communication Board 9.2.3.2 Initial Brief 9.3 Hazmat Huddle or Pre‐Entry Brief 9.3.1 Selecting Technologies 9.3.2 Know What's Out There 9.3.3 pH Paper 9.3.4 LEL Sensors 9.3.5 Oxygen Sensors 9.3.6 Photoionization Sensors 9.3.7 Radiation Monitors/Detectors/Identifiers 9.3.8 Scenario 9.4 HPMS 9.4.1 Advantages 9.4.2 Disadvantages 9.5 Raman Spectroscopy 9.5.1 Advantages 9.5.2 Disadvantages 9.6 Fourier‐Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR) 9.6.1 Advantages 9.6.2 Disadvantages 9.7 IMS 9.7.1 Advantages 9.7.2 Disadvantages 9.8 GC–MS 9.8.1 Advantages 9.8.2 Disadvantages 9.9 Colorimetrics 9.9.1 Advantages 9.9.2 Disadvantages 9.10 Warranties and Reachback 9.11 Pitfalls 9.11.1 Watch Your Units 9.11.2 Cross Sensitivities 9.12 Complimentary Technologies 9.13 An Introduction to the Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG) 9.14 SWGDRUG Recommendations: How They Related to the Hazmat Field 9.15 Ancillary Equipment References Chapter 10 Toward Clinical Applications of Smartphone Spectroscopy and Imaging 10.1 Smartphone Imaging and Spectroscopy Capabilities: An Overview 10.1.1 Hardware 10.1.2 Types of Optical Measurements 10.2 Clinical Biomarkers Targeted for the Smartphone 10.3 Toward Clinical Applications of the Smartphone in Low‐Cost and Point‐of‐Care Settings 10.3.1 Alternatives to LFAs 10.4 Toward Clinical Applications in Primary Care or Pathology Laboratory Settings 10.4.1 Multiplexed and Microfluidic Liquid Systems 10.4.2 Nucleic Acid Testing on a Smartphone 10.4.3 Beyond Standard Absorption/Emission Assays 10.5 Microscopy and Imaging on the Smartphone and the Potential Clinical Applications 10.6 Optical Measurements with Smartphones in the Clinic: An Outlook References Chapter 11 Applications of Portable and Handheld Infrared Spectroscopy 11.1 Rapid Response 11.2 Dispersed Samples 11.3 Nondestructive Testing 11.4 Conclusion References Chapter 12 Spectra Transfer Between Benchtop Fourier‐Transform Near‐Infrared and Miniaturized Handheld Near‐Infrared Spectrometers 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Experimental Details 12.2.1 Materials 12.2.1.1 Three‐Component Mixtures of Organic Solvents 12.2.1.2 Polymer Samples 12.2.2 Instrumentation 12.2.2.1 Spectrometers Used for Three‐Component Mixtures of Organic Solvents 12.2.2.2 Spectrometers Used for the Measurement of the Polymer Samples 12.2.3 Data Evaluation 12.3 Results and Discussion 12.3.1 Application of PDS to the Spectra of the Three‐Component Mixtures of Organic Solvents 12.3.2 Diagnostic Procedures for the Transferred Spectra of the Three‐Component Mixtures of Organic Solvents 12.3.3 Development of Test Calibrations with the Transferred Spectra of the Three‐Component Mixtures of Organic Solvents and Prediction of Measured Target Spectra 12.3.3.1 Identification of Different Polymer Classes by Their NIR Spectra 12.3.4 Development of PCA Model for PE as Performance Tests for the Spectra Transfer 12.4 Summary of Transfer Strategy 12.4.1 Transfer of Spectra for Quantitative Applications 12.4.2 Transfer of Spectra for Qualitative Applications 12.5 Conclusions References Chapter 13 Applications of Handheld Near‐Infrared Spectrometers 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Instrumentation 13.3 Applications 13.4 Qualitative Applications of Handheld NIR Spectrometers 13.4.1 Authentication and Identification of Textiles 13.4.2 Identification of Polymers for Recycling Purposes 13.4.3 Identification of the Geographic Origin of a Traditional Chinese Plant Root 13.4.4 Measurement of Fruit and Vegetable Freshness 13.4.5 Authentication of Fish 13.5 Quantitative Analyses with Handheld NIR Spectrometers 13.5.1 Determination of Soluble Solids Content in Apples 13.5.2 Quantitative Determination of the Ingredients in Caryophylli Flos 13.5.3 Quantitative Determination of Active Ingredients in Pharmaceutical Formulations 13.5.4 Quantitative NIR Spectroscopic Analysis of Hydrocarbon Contaminations in Soil 13.5.5 Quantitative Determination of Nutritional Parameters 13.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 14 X‐Ray, LIBS, NMR, and MS Applications in Food, Feed, and Agriculture 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Issues in Quality Control of Food 14.1.2 Challenges in the Agricultural Sector 14.2 Applications of Transportable Spectroscopy and Spectrometry in Food, Feed, and Agriculture 14.2.1 X‐Ray Fluorescence (XRF) 14.2.2 Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) 14.2.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 14.2.4 Mass Spectrometry 14.3 Current Developments, Remaining Challenges, and Future Prospects 14.4 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 15 Portable Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy in Food Analysis 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Spectroscopy 15.2.1 Spectral Range 15.3 Analysis, Sampling, and Detection Limits 15.3.1 Reference Analysis 15.3.2 Class vs. Specific Analysis 15.3.3 Make Sure You Are Measuring What You Think You Are Measuring 15.3.4 Optical Considerations 15.3.5 Calibration and Validation Samples 15.3.6 Quality Control Analysis 15.3.7 Data Interpretation 15.4 Use of Portable Near‐Infrared Instruments in Food Analysis 15.4.1 Agricultural Products 15.4.2 Produce 15.4.3 Dairy 15.4.4 Meat, Poultry, and Fish 15.4.5 Sweeteners 15.4.6 Processed Foods 15.5 Summary References Chapter 16 Handheld Raman, SERS, and SORS 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Raman Spectroscopy: Sampling Techniques, Technologies, and Considerations 16.3 Handheld Raman Devices 16.4 Sample Considerations 16.4.1 Fluorescence 16.4.2 Sample Heating 16.4.3 Through‐Package Measurement 16.5 Usability Considerations 16.6 Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) 16.7 Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) 16.8 Standoff 16.9 Technology Combinations 16.10 Leveraging Data 16.11 Military Identification Applications 16.11.1 Explosives 16.11.2 Raman Spectroscopy Explosive Identification Capabilities 16.12 Pharmaceuticals 16.13 Narcotics 16.14 Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) 16.15 Summary Acknowledgments Images References Chapter 17 Portable Raman Spectroscopy in Field Geology and Astrobiology Applications 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Dawn of Portable Raman Spectrometers 17.2.1 The Exploration of Mars: A Raman Spectral Chronicle for the ExoMars 2022 and Mars 2020 Missions 17.2.2 The Spectroscopic Detection of Life Signatures on Mars 17.2.3 The Historical Mars 17.2.4 The Analytical Astrobiology of Mars and the Role of Raman Spectroscopy 17.2.5 Spectral Biosignatures and Biomarkers 17.2.5.1 Raman Spectroscopy on the ExoMars 2022 Mission 17.2.5.2 Raman Spectroscopy on the NASA Mars 2020 Mission 17.2.6 Terrestrial Extremophilic Sites: Mars Analogues 17.2.6.1 The Atacama Desert 17.2.6.2 Salterns 17.2.6.3 Snow Algae 17.3 Conclusions Acknowledgement References Chapter 18 Hyperspectral Proximal Sensing Instruments and Their Applications for Exploration Through Cover 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Field VNIR‐SWIR Sensors 18.3 Field and Laboratory Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometers 18.4 Hyperspectral Drill Core Sensing 18.5 Data Processing 18.5.1 Spectral Reference Libraries 18.6 Applications 18.6.1 Field Spectrometer Data for Ground Validation of Remote Sensing Data 18.6.2 Mapping Physicochemical Gradients in Mineral Systems 18.6.3 Modeling Geochemical Indices from Hyperspectral Data 18.7 Summary Acknowledgements References Chapter 19 Handheld X‐Ray Fluorescence (HHXRF) 19.1 Introduction – X‐Ray Fluorescence 19.2 How Did We Get Here – Evolution of a Handheld XRF Analyzer 19.3 Contemporary HHXRF Analyzer: Construction and Operation 19.3.1 Main Functional Blocks of a HHXRF Analyzer 19.3.1.1 Excitation source 19.3.1.2 Detector 19.3.1.3 Spectrum Analyzer 19.3.1.4 Electronics 19.3.2 Operation 19.3.3 Typical Technical Specifications 19.4 Calibration Methods 19.4.1 Empirical Calibration Curve 19.4.2 Fundamental Parameters‐Based Calibration (FP) 19.5 The Most Important Applications for HHXRF Analyzers 19.5.1 Alloy Analysis and Identification 19.5.1.1 Typical Performance 19.5.2 Soil Screening for Heavy Metals 19.5.2.1 Typical Performance 19.5.3 Screening Electronic, Consumer Products and Children Toys for Compliance 19.5.3.1 Electronic and Consumer Products 19.5.3.2 Testing Toys and Children Articles for Lead and Other Toxic Elements 19.5.4 Testing for Presence of Lead in Household Paint 19.5.5 Other Applications 19.5.5.1 Mining and Minerals 19.5.5.2 Art and Archaeometry 19.6 Remarks on Safety When Using HHXRF 19.7 Summary and Possible Future Developments for HHXRF References Chapter 20 XRF and LIBS for Field Geology 20.1 Introduction 20.2 X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) 20.2.1 Background 20.2.2 Qualitative Versus Quantitative Analysis 20.2.2.1 Qualitative Analysis 20.2.2.2 Quantitative Analysis 20.2.3 Applications of pXRF in Field Geology 20.2.3.1 pXRF in Mineral Exploration 20.2.3.2 pXRF in Lithological Applications 20.2.3.3 Field Mineralogy 20.2.3.4 Soil Characterization and Sediment Analysis 20.2.3.5 Sediments 20.2.3.6 Hydrogeological and Hydrogeochemistry Applications 20.2.3.7 Rock and Soil Mechanics Applications 20.2.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks 20.3 Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for Field Geology 20.3.1 Background 20.3.2 Qualitative Versus Quantitative Analysis by LIBS 20.3.2.1 Qualitative Analysis 20.3.2.2 Quantitative Analysis 20.3.3 Geological Applications of LIBS 20.3.4 Field‐Portable and Handheld LIBS 20.3.4.1 Field‐Portable LIBS 20.3.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks 20.4 Current Potential and Future Developments of Field‐Portable XRF and LIBS References Chapter 21 Portable Spectroscopy for Cultural Heritage 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Instrumentation 21.2.1 XRF 21.2.2 FORS 21.2.3 Raman 21.2.4 FTIR 21.3 Applications to Cultural Heritage Research 21.3.1 Elemental Spectroscopy 21.3.1.1 XRF 21.3.2 Electronic Spectroscopy 21.3.2.1 FORS 21.3.3 Vibrational Spectroscopy 21.3.3.1 Raman 21.3.3.2 FTIR 21.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 22 Portable Spectroscopy for On‐Site and In Situ Archaeology Studies 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Molecular and Vibrational Spectroscopic Analysis 22.2.1 Raman Spectroscopy 22.2.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR) 22.3 Atomic Spectroscopic Analysis 22.3.1 X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 22.3.2 Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectrometry (LIBS) 22.3.3 Other Analysis Approaches 22.4 Case Study – Characterization of a Multiphased Stone Tower in Monterubliaglio, Umbria (Italy) by Portable X‐ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 22.4.1 Archaeological Settings 22.4.2 The Town and the Tower 22.4.3 Methods 22.4.3.1 Portable X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer 22.4.3.2 Quality Control and Data Evaluation 22.4.3.3 In Situ Data Collection 22.4.4 Results and Discussion 22.4.4.1 Relating This Study to Knowledge of Ancient Mortars 22.4.4.2 Comparison of Lower Tower Mortars to Coriglia Mortars 22.4.4.3 Comparison of Lower Tower Mortars to Sant'Ansano Mortars 22.4.5 Archaeological Implications 22.5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Chapter 23 The Future of Portable Spectroscopy 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Optical Spectroscopy 23.3 General Technology Improvements 23.3.1 Optical Filters and Array Detectors 23.3.2 Light Sources 23.4 Raman Spectrometers 23.4.1 Airport Bottle Liquid Screening 23.5 XRF and LIBS 23.6 GC‐MS and LC‐MS 23.7 Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) and High‐Pressure Mass Spectrometry (HPMS) 23.8 NMR (Relaxometry, or Time‐Domain NMR) 23.9 Hyphenation 23.10 Smartphone Spectrometers 23.11 Spectrometers Embedded in Consumer Goods 23.11.1 Bosch “X‐Spect” 23.11.2 Henkel “SalonLAB” 23.11.3 P&G Ventures' “OptéTM” 23.11.4 BASF Trinamix “HertzstückTM” Future Dining Room 23.11.5 Sport Watches 23.11.6 Automotive Odor Detector 23.12 Spectrometers Marketed Directly to Consumers 23.13 Emerging Applications for Portable Spectrometers 23.14 Portable Hyperspectral Imaging 23.15 Biological Analyzers 23.16 Algorithms, Databases, and Calibrations 23.17 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Index EULA

The most comprehensive resource available on the many applications of portable spectrometers, including material not found in any other published work

Portable Spectroscopy and Spectrometry: Volume Two is an authoritative and up-to-date compendium of the diverse applications for portable spectrometers across numerous disciplines. Whereas Volume One focuses on the specific technologies of the portable spectrometers themselves, Volume Two explores the use of portable instruments in wide range of fields, including pharmaceutical development, clinical research, food analysis, forensic science, geology, astrobiology, cultural heritage and archaeology.

Volume Two features contributions by a multidisciplinary team of experts with hands-on experience using portable instruments in their respective areas of expertise. Organized both by instrumentation type and by scientific or technical discipline, 21 detailed chapters cover various applications of portable ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), infrared and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, Raman and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, smartphone spectroscopy, and many others. Filling a significant gap in literature on the subject, the second volume of Portable Spectroscopy and Spectrometry:

• Features a significant amount of content published for the first time, or not available in existing literature
• Brings together work by authors with assorted backgrounds and fields of study
• Discusses the central role of applications in portable instrument development
• Covers the algorithms, calibrations, and libraries that are of critical importance to successful applications of portable instruments
• Includes chapters on portable spectroscopy applications in areas such as the military, agriculture and feed, hazardous materials (HazMat), art conservation, and environmental science

Portable Spectroscopy and Spectrometry: Volume Two is an indispensable resource for developers of portable instruments in universities, research institutes, instrument companies, civilian and government purchasers, trainers, operators of portable instruments, and educators and students in portable spectroscopy courses.

The most comprehensive resource available on the many applications of portable spectrometers, including material not found in any other published work Portable Spectroscopy and Spectrometry: Volume Two is an authoritative and up-to-date compendium of the diverse applications for portable spectrometers across numerous disciplines. Whereas Volume One focuses on the specific technologies of the portable spectrometers themselves, Volume Two explores the use of portable instruments in wide range of fields, including pharmaceutical development, clinical research, food analysis, forensic science, geology, astrobiology, cultural heritage and archaeology. Volume Two features contributions by a multidisciplinary team of experts with hands-on experience using portable instruments in their respective areas of expertise. Organized both by instrumentation type and by scientific or technical discipline, 21 detailed chapters cover various applications of portable ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), infrared and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, Raman and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, smartphone spectroscopy, and many others. Filling a significant gap in literature on the subject, the second volume of Portable Spectroscopy and Spectrometry: Features a significant amount of content published for the first time, or not available in existing literature Brings together work by authors with assorted backgrounds and fields of study Discusses the central role of applications in portable instrument development Covers the algorithms, calibrations, and libraries that are of critical importance to successful applications of portable instruments Includes chapters on portable spectroscopy applications in areas such as the military, agriculture and feed, hazardous materials (HazMat), art conservation, and environmental science Portable Spectroscopy and Spectrometry: Volume Two is an indispensable resource for developers of portable instruments in universities, research institutes, instrument companies, civilian and government purchasers, trainers, operators of portable instruments, and educators and students in portable spectroscopy courses.ISBN : 9781119636403 [Volume 1] "In this book, we regard a portable spectrometer as an analytical instrument, which generates clear answers for its operator, when it is carried to the sample, i.e., spectrometer to the sample rather than sample to the spectrometer. The instrument ideally will operate in point-and-shoot mode, or at least minimize sampling handling, and the primary output is not a spectrum but rather a result. In some cases, the result might be a sample identification; in others it may be a pass/fail visual or audible alarm (green light/red light). The operators of these instruments are rarely scientists, but may instead be hazardous-material technicians, armed-services personnel, or even scrap-metal dealers. These spectrometers may have to conform to regulatory standards such as Title 21 CFR Part 11, which governs electronic records and signatures within the pharmaceutical industry in the United States, or legal standards for the admissibility of scientific evidence, such as Daubert and Frye, (1) (2) which govern the admissibility of scientific evidence in all United States Courts. The environments within which they may be used can be life threatening, such as when dealing with improvised explosive devices (IEDs), to analyze suspicious white powders, during kinetic military action, or chemical spills. When performing analytical testing in these situations, reliable rapid results that are easy for the operator to interpret understand and act on are critical."-- Provided by publisher