Populist Foreign Policy : Regional Perspectives of Populism in the International Scene

This book explores the global phenomenon of populism in relation to states' foreign policy, addressing two key questions: How do populists mold their foreign policies? What are the domestic and external factors that enable and constrain it? To this end, the book brings together a diverse group of scholars who have already researched on populist foreign policies (PFP) in specific countries to contribute shared chapters that examine their drivers, patterns, and effects according to distinctive regions: North America, Western Europe, Southern Europe, Central-Eastern Europe, Latin America, South-East Asia, the Middle East, Oceania, and Africa. The empirical analysis sheds new light on how populists’ distinctive conception of a world divided antagonistically between “the people” and “the elites” influences behaviour towards multilateral organizations such as the United Nations and the European Union, and regional or global hegemonic powers like the United States, Germany, Russia, and China. The book also shows how ideas related to identity, ideology, status and emotions, impinge on populists’ conduct vis-à-vis other international actors, and how national and international structures affect the implementation of populist foreign policies in the regional, interregional, and global arenas. The wide geographical diversity and regional representation are also valuable in identifying cultural similarities and differences. Hence, the findings contribute to lively debates on whether there is a unified and coherent foreign policy among populist leaderships, and whether populism leads to a gradual “corrective” of transnational trends in contemporary politics or, conversely, to a more radical, structural shift in the liberal international order. Populist Foreign Policy Regional Perspectives of Populism in the International Scene Copyright Contents Notes on Contributors Chapter 1: Introduction to Populist Foreign Policy (PFP) Populism and Foreign Policy “Populist Foreign Policy” (PFP)? PFP-1: Populist Ideology and Foreign Policy Formulation PFP-2: Populist Strategy and Foreign Policy Processes PFP-3: Populist Style and Foreign Policy Roles PFP-4: Populist Discourse and Foreign Policy Practice PFP-5: Populist Policy and Foreign Policy Output Under Which Conditions Does Populist Foreign Policy Matter? (Multipolar) Power Structures Domestic Variables Ideological Factors Policy Domains References Chapter 2: Digging New Western European Trenches: Populism and the Foreign Policies of Germany and the Netherlands The Research Puzzle Theory: Populism and Foreign Policy Are There Populist Foreign Policy Preferences? What Conditions Facilitate Populists Access to Foreign Policymaking? Germany and Populist Foreign Policy The AfD’s Outlook on European Integration and Multilateralism The AfD’s Access to German EU Policy The Netherlands and Populist Foreign Policy Outlook on Europe of Dutch Populist Parties Dutch Populist Parties’ Access to Dutch EU Polities Explaining the Different Dutch and German Trajectories Conclusions References Chapter 3: Populist Foreign Policy in Southern Europe Introduction International Sources and Effects of Southern Europe’s Populism International (Multi)polarity Ideology Domestic Politics Policy Domains Conclusions References Chapter 4: Populist Foreign Policy in Central and Eastern Europe: Poland, Hungary and the Shock of the Ukraine Crisis Introduction Populist in Central and Eastern Europe—Manoeuvring and the Overlap of Domestic/EU and Foreign Politics Regime Building and Manoeuvring Crisis Talk and War Rhetoric Russia’s War against Ukraine Courting Russia Before Its War on Ukraine The Outbreak of the War—The Challenge for Orbán Poland and the Ukraine Crisis—Back to Europe? Conclusion References Chapter 5: The Trump Shock: Populism and Changing Narratives of US Foreign Policy Introduction America First as Narrative Disruption to US Foreign Policy Trump, Trade, and Economic Nationalism America First and National Security Conclusion References Chapter 6: Tradition, Geopolitical Constraints, and Leadership Styles in Latin American Populist Foreign Policy Introduction Analytical Framework Empirical Analysis The Tradition of Populism in Latin America (Temporality of Populism) Geopolitical Dimension Leadership Styles of Populist Leaders (Agency Dimension) Conclusion References Chapter 7: Populist Foreign Policy in the Middle East and North Africa Introduction Populism and/in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Patterns of MENA’s Populist Foreign Policy Constraints to PFP Effects in MENA Conclusions References Chapter 8: Leadership, Context, and Populist Foreign Policy in East Africa: An Analysis of Uganda and Rwanda Introduction The Historical Antecedents of Contemporary Populism in Africa Uganda’s Domestic and Foreign Relations Before Museveni Museveni’s Populism and Uganda’s Domestic Policy Museveni’s Populist Foreign Policy Paul Kagame and Rwanda’s Populist Foreign Strategies/Policy The Catastrophic Genocide and the Creation of a Populist Leader Aid Economy and Rwanda’s Populist Foreign Policy Agaciro for Dignity and Self-reliance Domestic and Global Security Interests The Future of Populism in Africa: Drawing Conclusions from East Africa References Chapter 9: Populist Foreign Policy in Asia Introduction Populism and Its Impact on Foreign Policy: Towards a More Conflict-Prone Foreign Policy? The Case of India The Case of the Philippines Populist Foreign Policy in India and the Philippines: How to Make Sense of the Differences References Chapter 10: Aotearoa New Zealand and the Quasi-Populist Foreign Policy of New Zealand First Populism and Foreign Policy The Political Fortunes of New Zealand First Dog Whistle Politics and NZF Institutional Constraints and Opportunities The People’s Republic of China The US and the Pacific The UK and Brexit Peters’ Pro-Russian Views Conclusions References Chapter 11: Conclusions: Populist Foreign Policy in a Comparative Perspective Distinctive Populist Foreign Policies PFP International Restrictors/Catalysts PFP Domestic Restrictors/Catalysts Debates and Future Research Normative and Policy-Oriented Considerations References Index This book explores the global phenomenon of populism in relation to states' foreign policy, addressing questions such as: How do populists mold their foreign policies? Is there a 'populist foreign policy'? What are the implications of the populist implementation of policies in the regional, interregional, and global arenas? To this end, the book brings together a diverse group of scholars who have already researched on populist foreign policies in specific countries, who contribute shared chapters that examine the drivers, patterns and effects of populist foreign policies within distinctive regions. -- Back cover