Pond Ecosystems of the Indian Sundarbans: An Overview (Water Science and Technology Library, 112)

This book aims to give a holistic overview of the pond ecosystem of Indian Sundarbans. Due to climate change, the Indian "Sundarbans faces several challenges. With rising sea levels, islands are disappearing and the increasing salinity in the water and soil has severely threatened the health of mangrove forests and the quality of fresh water, soil and crops. Additionally, there have been serious disturbances to hydrological parameters in the lotic as well lentic ecosystems. This book provides new insights into lentic ecosystem-oriented research in the deltaic ecosystem of GBM-I (Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna, Indian Delta). The major findings from various research works are brought together, and the gaps and future possible ways forward are outlined. The book addresses the SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 14 (Life below Water), with a focus on the ecosystem services of ponds in the Indian Sundarbans. Despite there being many studies on riverine water, ground water and mangrove ecosystems of the Indian Sundarbans, this book offers new insights into the pond ecosystem of the Indian Sundarbans. The outcomes from this book can be utilized by researchers from the inland fisheries sector, environmental managers, professionals, and those who seek to develop ways for making pond ecosystems sustainable"--Page 4 of cover Preface Acknowledgments Contents About the Editors List of Figures List of Tables 1 An Introduction to the Ponds of Indian Sundarbans—An Essential Socio-Ecological System 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Ponds as Socio-Ecological Systems 1.2.1 The Nature and Uses of Ponds in Indian Sundarbans 1.2.2 The Social Context of Ponds 1.2.3 Pond Owner and User Identity 1.2.4 Ponds (Aquaculture), Migration and Loss of Livelihoods 1.2.5 Ponds and the Gender Inequality 1.3 Environmental Challenges 1.3.1 Saltwater Inundation 1.3.2 Exchange of Dissolved Organic-Rich Waters 1.3.3 Faecal Coliform Pollution 1.3.4 Uncertain or Irregular Rainfall Pattern 1.3.5 The Input of Anthropogenic Pollutants 1.3.6 Extreme Climate Events 1.4 Pond Management Practices 1.4.1 Local Level Management 1.4.2 National Level Pond Management Policies 1.5 Ponds and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1.6 Scope of the Book References 2 Spatial Distribution of Ponds in the Indian Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve: Special Emphasis on Size-Class 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Significance of Ponds 2.1.2 Aquaculture Ponds: An Emerging Dimension 2.1.3 Mapping of Ponds 2.1.4 Crucial Findings on SBR from Land-Use-Land-Cover Related Studies 2.2 Materials and Methods 2.2.1 Study Area Selection 2.2.2 Methodology 2.3 Results and Discussion 2.3.1 Present Scenario of Land Use Land Cover in the Selected Administrative Blocks 2.3.2 The Descriptive Statistics Related to Ponds in the Study Area 2.3.3 Visual Interpretation of the Spatial Distribution of Ponds 2.3.4 Future Scope of Work 2.4 Conclusion References 3 RETRACTED CHAPTER: Assessment of Pond Water Quality and Its Impact on Local Livelihood in the Indian Sundarbans 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Study Area and Sampling Plan 3.3 Results and Discussion 3.3.1 Water Quality Status of the Pond of Indian Sundarban 3.3.2 Correlation Among Water Quality Parameters 3.3.3 Water-Related Challenges Faced by the Coastal Communities 3.4 Policy Recommendation 3.5 Conclusion References 4 Fishing and Aquaculture Practice in the Ponds of the Indian Sundarbans 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Salient Features of Aquaculture Ponds in SBR 4.3 Pond Management and Farming Practices 4.4 Freshwater and Brackishwater Species 4.5 Challenges and Threats to Aquaculture Fishing 4.5.1 Serious Lack of Scientific Intervention 4.5.2 Cyclonic Disasters 4.5.3 Fish Diseases 4.5.4 Intrinsic Soil Character 4.6 Conclusion References 5 Role of Iron Fertilization on the Changes of Chlorophyll Concentration and Fish Production in the Brackish Water Ponds of Indian Sundarbans 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Materials and Methods 5.2.1 Study Area 5.2.2 Salinity 5.2.3 Dissolved Iron 5.2.4 Nutrient Analyses 5.2.5 Result and Discussion References 6 CO2 Exchange Dynamics in the Household and Abandoned Ponds of the Indian Sundarbans from the Perspective of Climate Change 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Pond Ecosystem Biogeochemistry 6.3 Nutrient Dynamics in the Pond Ecosystem 6.4 Eutrophication and Hypoxia 6.5 Pond Ecosystem Productivity 6.6 Ponds and Greenhouse Gases 6.7 Household Ponds of Sundarbans and Their Characteristic Features 6.8 Materials and Methods 6.8.1 Location of Ponds Selected for This Study 6.8.2 Sampling Strategy 6.8.3 Analytical Protocol 6.8.4 Statistical Analyses 6.9 Results and Discussion 6.9.1 Variability of Physicochemical Parameters 6.9.2 Variability of Primary Productivity Parameters 6.9.3 Variability in Carbonate Chemistry Parameters 6.9.4 Variability of pCO2(Water) and Air–Water CO2 Flux 6.9.5 Relationship Between pCO2(Water) and Other Biogeochemical Variables 6.10 Conclusion References 7 CH4 Emission from Household and Abandoned Ponds of the Indian Sundarbans: Positive Feedback to Climate Change 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Physicochemical Dynamics of Ponds 7.3 Methanogenesis 7.4 Methanotrophy 7.5 Methane Emission Pathways 7.5.1 Diffusive Flux 7.5.2 Ebullition Flux 7.5.3 Storage Flux 7.5.4 Flux Mediated Through Aquatic Vegetation 7.6 Characteristic Features of the Ponds of the Sundarbans 7.7 Methodology 7.7.1 Sampling Locations 7.7.2 Sampling Plan and Strategy 7.7.3 Physicochemical Measurements 7.7.4 Statistical Analyses 7.8 Results and Discussion 7.8.1 The Dynamics of Physicochemical Parameters 7.8.2 The Dynamics of Primary Productivity Parameters 7.8.3 The Dynamics of pCH4(Water) and Air–Water CH4 Flux 7.8.4 Relationship Between pCH4(Water) and Other Biogeochemical Variables 7.9 Conclusion References 8 Characterizing the Drivers of the Productivity and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes from the Aquaculture Ponds of Indian Sundarbans 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Types of Aquaculture Practices 8.3 Aquaculture Pond Biogeochemistry 8.4 Nutrient Dynamics and Pond Productivity 8.5 Pond Management Practices 8.6 Aquaculture Ponds and Greenhouse Gas Emission 8.7 Characteristic Features of the Aquaculture Ponds of the Sundarbans 8.8 Materials and Methods 8.8.1 Sampling Stations 8.8.2 Sampling Strategy 8.8.3 Biogeochemical Measurements 8.8.4 Statistical Analyses 8.9 Results and Discussion 8.9.1 Variability of Physicochemical Parameters 8.9.2 Variability of Primary Productivity Parameters 8.9.3 Variability in Carbonate Chemistry Parameters 8.9.4 Variability of pCO2(Water) and Air–Water CO2 Flux 8.9.5 Variability of pCH4(Water) and Air–Water CH4 Flux 8.9.6 Relationship Between pCO2(Water) and Other Biogeochemical Variables 8.9.7 Relationship Between pCH4(Water) and Other Biogeochemical Variables 8.10 Conclusion References 9 Valuation of Pond Ecosystem Services of Indian Sundarbans: A Methodological Approach 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Challenges and Studies on Valuation of Wetland Ecosystem Services 9.3 Evaluation Procedures of Different Services 9.3.1 Assessment of Provisioning Services 9.3.2 Assessment of Regulating Services 9.3.3 Assessment of Cultural Services 9.4 Discussion 9.5 Conclusion References 10 The Socio-Cultural and Economic Role of Ponds in Delta Communities: Insights from Gosaba Block of the Indian Sundarbans Delta 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Types of Ponds 10.2.1 Homestead Ponds 10.2.2 Community Ponds 10.2.3 Tourist Resort Ponds 10.2.4 Irrigation Ponds 10.2.5 Integrated Fish-Horticulture Ponds 10.2.6 Crab-Fattening Ponds 10.2.7 Aquaculture Ponds 10.2.8 Ponds in Schools 10.2.9 Ponds for Collecting Freshwater for Wildlife 10.3 Pond Creation and Maintenance 10.3.1 Digging Ponds 10.3.2 Maintaining Ponds 10.4 Uses of Homestead Ponds 10.4.1 Drinking 10.4.2 Bathing 10.4.3 Washing Laundry 10.4.4 Washing Utensils 10.4.5 Washing Vehicles (Boats, Bicycles, Motorbikes, Vans) 10.4.6 Bathing Animals 10.4.7 Irrigation 10.4.8 Breeding and Catching Fish 10.4.9 House Construction and Modification 10.4.10 Swimming 10.4.11 Cultural Practices and Rituals 10.5 Ponds in a Changing Environment and Climate 10.6 Conclusion References 11 Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration in Water and Sediment of Brackish Water Ponds of the Indian Sundarbans 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Materials and Methods 11.2.1 Study Area 11.2.2 Sampling Strategy 11.2.3 Analytical Protocol 11.2.4 Total Heavy Metal Measurement of Pond Water 11.2.5 Total Heavy Metal Measurement of Sediment Sample (Pond) 11.3 Result 11.4 Discussion 11.5 Conclusion References 12 Characterizing the Optical Properties of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) of Two Different Kinds of Pond Ecosystems Situated in Indian Sundarbans 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Materials and Methods 12.2.1 Study Region and Sampling Plan 12.2.2 Analytical Procedure 12.2.3 Statistical Examination 12.3 Results 12.3.1 Overall Hydrography of Both Ponds 12.3.2 Variability of Light Absorption Characteristics of CDOM of Fresh and Brackish Water Pond 12.3.3 Relationship Between CDOM and Other Relevant Hydrographical Parameters of Fresh and Brackish Water Pond 12.4 Discussion and Final Remarks References 13 Portraying the Nutrient Variability with Relation to Variation in Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in an Aquaculture Pond of Indian Sundarbans 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Materials and Method 13.2.1 Study Location and Sampling Strategy 13.2.2 Analytical Methods 13.3 Results 13.3.1 Seasonal Changeability (In-Situ Aquatic State) of the Aquaculture Pond 13.3.2 Physicochemical Factors—Temporal Trend During the Experiments days (Eight days of Microcosm) 13.3.3 Temporal Trend of pCO2(Water) Along with Chlorophyll and Nutrient During the 08 days (a Microcosm Study) 13.3.4 Link Between pCO2(Water), chl-a and Nutrients 13.4 Discussion References Retraction Note to: Assessment of Pond Water Quality and Its Impact on Local Livelihood in the Indian Sundarbans Retraction Note to: Chapter 3 in: S. Das et al. (eds.), Pond Ecosystems of the Indian Sundarbans, Water Science and Technology Library 112, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86786-73