Polyphenols: Mechanisms of Action in Human Health and Disease 1

Polyphenols: Mechanisms of Action in Human Health and Disease, Second Edition describes the mechanisms of polyphenol antioxidant activities and their use in disease prevention. Chapters highlight the anti-inflammatory activity of polyphenols on key dendritic cells, how they modulate and suppress inflammation, and how they are inactivated or activated by metabolism in the gut and circulating blood. Polyphenols have proven effective for key health benefits, including bone health, organ health, cardiac and vascular conditions, absorption and metabolism, and cancer and diseases of the immune system. They are a unique group of phytochemicals that are present in all fruits, vegetables and other plant products. This very diverse and multi-functional group of active plant compounds contain powerful antioxidant properties and exhibit remarkable chemical, biological and physiological properties, including cancer prevention and cardio-protective activities. Expands coverage on green tea, cocoa, wine, cumin and herbs Outlines their chemical properties, bioavailability and metabolomics Provides a self-teaching guide to learn the mechanisms of action and health benefits of polyphenols Cover Polyphenols: Mechanisms of Action in Human Health and Disease Copyright Contributors Preface Acknowledgments Section I: Overview of Polyphenols and Health 1 Polyphenols in the Prevention of Acute Pancreatitis in Preclinical Systems of Study: A Revisit Introduction Curcumin Resveratrol Quercetin Genistein Ellagic Acid Cinnamtannin B-1 Green Tea Polyphenols Conclusions and Future Directions References Further Reading 2 Polyphenols as Supplements in Foods and Beverages: Recent Discoveries and Health Benefits, an Update Polyphenols and Supplementation New Insights on Polyphenol Metabolism and Action Benefits of Polyphenol's Consumption: Experimental Data Antimicrobial Activity of Polyphenols Noxious Activities Induced by Polyphenols: An Intriguing Issue Concluding Remarks and Future Challenges References 3 Xanthohumol and the Medicinal Benefits of Beer Introduction History of Beer and Brewing Styles Hop-Forward Styles Malt (Barley)-Forward Styles Wheat-Based Styles Ingredients Base Ingredients Hops Barley Other Grains Added Ingredients Fruit Spices Coffee and Chocolate Health Benefits of Beer Polyphenols: Xanthohumol Cancer Breast Cancer Ovarian Cancer Prostate Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Colon Cancer Leukemia Cardiovascular Disease Diabetes Mellitus Bone Health Cognition/Brain Health Skin Conditions Beer and Human Health Human Studies Cancer Cardiovascular Disease Bone Health Summary of Human Health Effects Summary References 4 Polyphenolic Flavonoids and Metalloprotease Inhibition: Applications to Health and Disease Introduction Matrix Metalloproteinases Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteases by Flavonoids Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme by Flavonoids Conclusion References 5 Biological and Pharmacological Effects of Polyphenolic Compounds From Ecklonia cava Introduction Biological and Pharmacological Effects of Phlorotannins From E. cava Antioxidant Properties Antitumor Activities Antiobesity Activities Antidiabetic Activity Neuroprotective Activities Protective Effect Against Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury An in vitro Alcohol-Injury Model in Hepatocytes An in vitro Alcohol-Fibrosis Model in HSCs An in vivo Ethanol-CCL4-Induced Cirrhosis Model AMPK in the Protective Effects of Phlorotannins Conclusion References 6 Clerodendrum volubile: Phenolics and Applications to Health Introduction Phenolics and Health Clerodendrum volubile Phytochemistry of Clerodendrum volubile Preliminary Phytochemical Screening Flavonoids Tannin High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Fingerprinting Hydroxycinnamic Acids Flavonoids Trihydroxybenzoic Acids Ellagitannins Bioavailability Isolation and Structural Elucidation Biological Activities of Clerodendrum volubile Antioxidative Activities Antihypertensive Activity Antidiabetic Activity Immunomodulatory and Antiinflammatory Activity Hypolipidemic Activity Toxicity Proposed Mechanism of Action of C. volubile Conclusion References 7 Eryngium campestre L.: Polyphenolic and Flavonoid Compounds; Applications to Health and Disease Introduction About the Plant Distribution Traditional Uses Phytochemistry Polyphenol Compounds Flavonoids Phenolic Acids Other Phenolic Compounds Biological and Pharmacological Activities Antioxidant Activity Antiinflammatory Activity Antitumor Activity Anti-Alzheimer Activity Cytotoxicity Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities Other Activities Conclusion References 8 Antioxidant Activity of Anthocyanins in Common Legume Grains Introduction Free Radicals and Antioxidants Anthocyanins Legume Anthocyanin as Antioxidant Black Soybean Common Bean Cowpea Peanut Lentils Conclusion References 9 Tomato Polyphenolics: Putative Applications to Health and Disease Introduction Health Effects of Tomato Phenolics Cardiovascular Diseases Cancer Diabetes Antioxidant Activity Antiangiogenic Activity Antiinflammatory Activity Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiviral Activity Effects on the Intestinal System Concluding Remarks References 10 Polyphenolic Compounds in Sweet Cherries: A Focus on Anthocyanins An Overview of the Nutritive and Nonnutritive Properties of Sweet Cherries A Focus on Anthocyanins in Sweet Cherries Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Sweet Cherries Measurement of Anthocyanin Content in Sweet Cherries Pre- and Postharvest Factors That Impact on Anthocyanins in Sweet Cherries Patterns of Global Growth and Economic Importance of Sweet Cherry Production Important Sensory Attributes and Traditional Quality Indicators of Sweet Cherries Consumer Preference for Sweet Cherries May Not Be Driven by Health Sweet Cherry Consumption and Contribution to Habitual Anthocyanin Consumption Sweet Cherries and Health Outcomes: Potential Mechanisms of Action Anthocyanin Metabolism: A Lack of Data for Sweet Cherries Antioxidant Activity and Inflammation Cardiovascular Diseases Cognition and Neurodegeneration Gut Health Tolerance to Sweet Cherry Interventions Conclusion: Major Gaps in Literature and Future Research Direction References 11 Citrus Fruit Polyphenols and Flavonoids: Applications to Psychiatric Disorders Introduction The Global Burden of Mental Illness Moving Toward Integrative Prevention and Care: The Link Between Nutrition and Mental Health Citrus Polyphenols and Flavonoids Citrus Polyphenols in Mental Disorders Depression Schizophrenia and Psychotic Spectrum Disorders Transnosographical Dimensions in Mental Disorders: Cognition and Memory Conclusions and Future Directions References Section II: Polyphenols In Therapy of Obesity and Diabetes 12 Anthocyanins and Diabetes Regulation Introduction Chemical Properties of Anthocyanins Dietary Anthocyanin Sources Anthocyanin Bioavailability Antidiabetic Effects of Anthocyanins and the Underlying Mechanisms Amelioration of Oxidative Stress Antiinflammatory Effects Pancreatic β-Cell Cytoprotection Hypoglycemic Action Regulation of Lipid Metabolism Conclusion and Perspective References 13 The Role of Direct and Indirect Polyphenolic Antioxidants in Protection Against Oxidative Stress Introduction Cytoprotective Proteins (Phase 2 Enzymes) Induction of Cytoprotective Proteins Direct and Indirect Antioxidants and Their Role in Protection Against Oxidative Stress Polyphenol and Polyphenol-Derived Inducers of Cytoprotective Proteins (Indirect Antioxidant Effect) Curcuminoids, Gingerols, and Shogaols Chalcones and Dihydrochalcones Flavonoids and Stilbenoids Isoflavonoids and Lignans (Phytoestrogens) Neoflavonoids Coumarins Phenolic Acids and Miscellaneous Polyphenols Diterpenoids Alkaloids Conclusions References 14 Role of Protocatechuic Acid in Obesity-Related Pathologies: An Update Introduction Protocatechuic Acid: Food Content and Bioavailability Obesity: A Global Challenge Yet Today Mechanism of Action of PCA Antioxidant Activity of PCA Antiinflammatory Activity of PCA Cytokine Production Nitric Oxide NF-κB Antihyperglycemic Activity of PCA Modulation of Apoptosis by PCA Effect of PCA on Gut Microbiota Conclusion References 15 Exposure to Polyphenolic Compounds Modulates Type 1 Diabetes: The Case of Genistein Introduction Pathogenesis of T1D Genetics Environment Polyphenolic Compounds and T1D Soy Food Isoflavone and GEN Epidemiological Studies Animal Studies Mechanisms of T1D Modulation by Polyphenolic Compounds: Gut Microbiota Development of Gut Microbiota in Human Epidemiological Evidence of Gut Microbiota and T1D Animal Studies in Gut Microbiota and T1D Gut Microbiota and Immunity SCFAs and T1D Probiotics Soy Effect on Gut Microbiota Mechanisms of T1D Modulation by Polyphenolic Compounds: Epigenetics DNA Methylation and Histone Modification microRNA (miRNA) Other Potential Mechanisms Conclusion Acknowledgments and Funding Support References Section III: Mechanisms of Polyphenols Antioxidant Effects 16 Chocolate/Cocoa Polyphenols and Oxidative Stress Introduction Antioxidant Properties Bioavailability Research on Cocoa and Oxidative Stress Epidemiological Studies Cocoa/Dark Chocolate on Health Outcomes Endothelial Dysfunction and Hypertension Lipoprotein Oxidation Platelet Function Inflammation Neuroprotective Effects Cancer Diabetes Cocoa/Dark Chocolate Effects Under Conditions of Increased Oxidative Stress Stressors Pollution and Smoking Disease/Health Malnutrition and/or Low Dietary Antioxidant Intake Heat Stress Physical Stress/Exercise Summary References 17 An Overview of Dietary Polyphenols and Their Therapeutic Effects Introduction Structural Classification of Polyphenols Flavonoids Phenolic Acids Tannins Stilbenes Lignans Dietary Intake and Content of Polyphenols Bioavailability and Distribution of Polyphenols Epigenetic Modifications and Polyphenol Metabolism DNA Methylation Histone Modification MicroRNA Expression Nutritional Genomics and Dietary Polyphenols Novel Therapeutics Using Polyphenols 1IntroductionPolyphenols are a diverse class of naturally occurring secondary metabolites found mainly in various fruits, vege References Further Reading 18 The Polyphenolic Compound Resveratrol Attenuates Pain: Neurophysiological Mechanisms Introduction Classification of Pain Pain Pathway in the Trigeminal System Modulatory Mechanism of Resveratrol on the Nociceptive Pain Peripheral Mechanism Central Mechanisms Modulatory Mechanism Underlying the Effect of Resveratrol on Pathological Pain Inflammatory Pain Acute Inflammation Chronic Inflammation Neuropathic Pain Functional Significance for Modulation of Pain Relief Therapeutic Targets for Inflammatory Pain Therapeutic Targets for Nociceptive Pain Future Direction Concluding Remarks References 19 Possible Benefits and Risks of Polyphenols Supplementation During Pregnancy Outline Introduction The Role of Intrauterine Environment in Pregnancy Development The Role of the Intrauterine Environment in Postnatal Traits Preventive Strategies and Therapies for IUGR Alternative Tools for Prevention and Treatment of IUGR: Amino Acids and Antioxidants Implications and Evidence for Beneficial Effects of Polyphenols Supplementation During Pregnancy Possible Risks of Polyphenols Supplementation During Pregnancy Concluding Remarks and Future Research References 20 Flavonoids as Modulators of Neutrophils' Oxidative Burst: Structure-Activity Relationship Introduction Neutrophils Morphology Neutrophil Phagocytosis Production of Reactive Oxygen Species Production of Reactive Nitrogen Species Flavonoids Effect of Flavonoids on Neutrophils Oxidative Burst Catechol Group in the B-Ring 3-OH in the C-Ring C2-C3 Double Bond Conclusion References 21 Manipulation of Mitochondrial Function by Polyphenols for New Treatment Strategies Introduction Mitochondria Origin and Structure Function Mitochondria's Role in Disease and Aging Aging and Cardiovascular Diseases Neurodegenerative Diseases Cancer Polyphenols Occurrence in Nature Characteristics and Bioavailability of Polyphenols Manipulation of Mitochondrial Function by Polyphenols Mitochondrial Respiration and ATP Production ROS Production/ROS Defense Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Mitophagy Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathways Polyphenols as Treatment Strategies to Manipulate Mitochondrial (Dys)Function in Diseases Aging and Cardiovascular Diseases Neurodegenerative Diseases Cancer Conclusion References Section IV: Bioavailability and Effects On Metabolism 22 Bioavailability of Flavonoids: The Role of Cell Membrane Transporters Introduction Principles of Membrane Transport Indirect Evidence Supporting the Existence of Flavonoid Membrane Transporters Pharmacokinetic Perspective Pharmacodynamic Perspective Anatomical Distribution of Flavonoid-Related Membrane Transporters Intestinal Transporters Hepatic Transporters Renal Transporters Endothelium in the Vascular and Central Nervous System (Blood-Brain Barrier) Issues Related to the Low Bioavailability of Flavonoids Transporter-Based Flavonoid-Drug Interactions Conclusion Acknowledgments References 23 Interaction of Polyphenols With the Intestinal and Placental Absorption of Some Bioactive Compounds Introduction Effect of Polyphenols on the Transport of 1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridinium Effect of Wine on the Intestinal Transport of MPP+ Effect of Tea on the Intestinal Transport of MPP+ Effect of Isolated Polyphenols on the Intestinal Transport of MPP+ Effect of Polyphenols on the Transport of Folates Effect of Polyphenols on the Intestinal Transport of Folates Effect of Polyphenols on the Placental Transport of Folates Effect of Polyphenols on the Transport of Thiamine Effect of Polyphenols on the Intestinal Transport of Thiamine Effect of Polyphenols on the Placental Transport of Thiamine Effect of Polyphenols on the Transport of Glucose Effect of Polyphenols on the Intestinal Transport of Glucose Effect on the Placental Transport of Glucose Conclusions References 24 Analyzing Ingredients in Dietary Supplements and Their Metabolites Introduction Anthocyanins Flavanols Flavones and Flavonols Isoflavones Extraction of Isoflavones In Vivo Metabolism of Isoflavones Conclusions References 25 Metabolism of Dietary Polyphenols by Human Gut Microbiota and Their Health Benefits Introduction Polyphenols Dietary Intake of Polyphenols Absorption, Metabolism, and Bioavailability of Polyphenols Metabolism of Polyphenols by the Gut Microbiota The Microbial Metabolism of Flavonoids The Microbial Metabolism of Phenolic Acids The Microbial Metabolism of Lignans The Microbial Metabolism of Stilbenes Enzymes in the Metabolism of Polyphenols Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Polyphenols Health Benefits of Polyphenols and Their Microbial Metabolites Conclusions References 26 Bioavailability and Biochemistry of Quercetin and Applications to Health and Diseases Chemical Features of Quercetin Bioavailability, Absorption and Metabolism of Quercetin Mechanistic and Preclinical Studies of Quercetin and Its Metabolites Esters of Quercetin and Their Therapeutic Applications Conclusion References Further Reading 27 Effects of Quercetin and Its Combinations on Health Introduction Basic Pharmacological Properties of Quercetin Antioxidant Effects of Quercetin and Quercetin Metabolites Interractions of Quercetin and Quercetin Metabolites With the Cell Enzymes Quercetin Interactions With Proteins Antiinflammatory Activity of Quercetin and Its Mechanisms Antiapoptotic Activity of Quercetin Pharmacokinetic Properties of Quercetin and Ways of Modifying Them Gastroprotective Effects of Quercetin Angioprotective Activity of Quercetin Effects of Quercetin on Hemostasis Cardioprotective Properties of Quercetin Quercetin Effects on Clinical Course of Acute Myocardial Infarction Cardioprotective Action of Quercetin Combinations Application of Quercetin-Based Drugs in Chronic Kidney Disease Intravenous Form of Quercetin in Kidney Failure Nephroprotective Effects of Quercetin and Amino Sugars Quercetin-Based Drugs in Joint Diseases Chondroprotective Properties of Quercetin Application of Quercetin and Amino Sugars for Osteoarthritis Quercetin and Diclofenac Combination in Joint Diseases Conclusion References Section V: Polyphenols In Disease 28 Green Tea Polyphenols in the Amelioration of Osteoarthritis: Memoir on the Preclinical Observations Introduction Green Tea in Arthritis Phytochemistry of Green Tea Traditional and Validated Uses Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Properties Green Tea Increases Antioxidant Enzymes and Reduces Lipid Peroxidation Antiinflammatory Effects Green Tea Polyphenols Inhibit the Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Green Tea and Its Polyphenols Decrease Activation of NF-κB EGCG and Its Influence on Matrix Metalloproteinases Chondroprotective Effects of EGCG EGCG Inhibits Osteoclast Activation and Differentiation Conclusion References 29 Polyphenolics Evoke Healing Responses: Clinical Evidence and Role of Predictive Biomarkers Polyphenolic Consumption Flavanoids and Flavonols Measurements of Antioxidant Capacity Quercetins Synergistic Polyphenols: Quercetin Dihydrate and Soluble Orthoproanthocyanidin Antiinflammatory Effects Decreased Oxidative Stress Normalized Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Levels Improved Diabetic Function Reduces Obesity Reduced Stroke Risk Antihistamine Activity Anticancer Effects Orthoproanthocyanidins (Soluble OPCs) Adaptogenic and Cytotoxic Effects Cardiovascular Benefits of OPC Antiaging and Neuroprotection Functions Nephropathy and Soluble OPC Osteoarthritis and OPC Photo-Protection and OPC Ellagic Acid Content: Pomegranate Juice Clinical Considerations: Whole Fruit and Fruit Juice Nutritional Constituents of Fruit Skins Pectin Fiber in Fruit Pulp Nutritional Issues With Fruit Juices Predictive Biomarkers Referenced to Goal Values: Personalized Care Conclusions References 30 Hepatoprotective Effects of Green Tea and Its Polyphenols: A Revisit Introduction Tea Protects Against Alcohol-Induced Hepatotoxicity Tea Protects Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity Effect of Tea on N-Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity Tea Is Effective in Viral Hepatitis Effect of Tea on Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Effect of Green Tea Phytochemicals on Hepatotoxicity of Lead Effect of Tea Phytochemicals on Hepatotoxicity of Azathioprine Effect of Tea Phytochemicals on Galactosamine-Induced Liver Damage Effect of Tea Phytochemicals on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Damage Effect of Tea Phytochemicals on Fumonisin B1-Induced Liver Damage Effect of Tea on Hepatotoxicity of Aflatoxins Effect of Tea Phytochemicals on Phenobarbitol-Induced Liver Damage Effect of Tea on Hepatocarcinogenesis Effect of Tea Polyphenols on Fatty Liver Disease Effect of Tea Polyphenols on Obesity-Induced Liver Damage Conclusions References 31 CAPE and Tympanosclerosis The Effect of Caffeic Acid Penethyl Ester on Tympanosclerosis Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester CAPE and Oxidative Stress CAPE and Inflammation Tympanosclerosis Definition and Incidence History Ethiopathogenesis of Tympanosclerosis Theories About Etiopathogenesis Mechanical Theories Inflammation Ventilation Tube Applications Immunological Theories Hyperoxia Theory Genetic Relationship Histopathology of Tympanosclerosis Stage 1: Inflammation and Fibrogenesis Stage 2: Cell Degeneration and Precipitation Stage 3: Calcification Stage 4: Decalcification and Recovery Clinical Types and Characteristics of Tympanosclerosis Classification Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment CAPE and Tympanosclerosis References Further Reading 32 The Polyphenolic Compound Hesperidin and Bone Protection Introduction Bone Nutrition as a Strategy for Maintaining Healthy, Strong Bones Citrus Fruits Hesperidin Hesperidin Consumption and Its Effect on Outcomes of Bone Protection Findings From Studies in Humans Findings From Studies Using Rodent Models Nutritional Programming of Bone Development by Maternal Diet Effect of Hesperidin in Growing Female Rats With and Without Ovariectomy Effect of Hesperidin in Supporting Bone Health After Ovariectomy or Orchidectomy Effect of Hesperidin for Supporting Bone Health in Male Rats During Aging Summary References Index A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T V W X Y Back Cover