POLYMERS, LIQUIDS AND COLLOIDS IN ELECTRIC FIELDS: INTERFACIAL INSTABILITES, ORIENTATION AND PHASE TRANSITIONS (Series in Soft Condensed Matter)

This unique book aims to expose the reader to a wide range of phenomena occurring when soft matter systems are put under the influence of an external electric field. The book shows how an electric field can be used to affect objects at the submicron scale, and how it controls the phase behavior of liquids and polymers. The main focus is on the basic underlying mechanisms. Some technological applications are dealt with as well. Book chapters are arranged in a logical order, from "simple" systems to more complicated ones. In addition, each topic is covered by the mixed bag of theory, experiment and simulation; and this will give the reader a broad perspective of the underlying physical phenomena. Contents: The Phenomenology of Modulated Phases: From Magnetic Solids and Fluids to Organic Films and Polymers (D Andelman & R E Rosensweig); Solvation Effects of Ions and Ionic Surfactants in Polar Fluids (A Onuki); Change of Critical Mixing Temperature in a Uniform Electric Field (K Orzechowski); Electrohydrodynamic Instabilities of Thin Liquid Films (T P Russell & J Bae); Electrowetting: The External Switch on the Wettability and Its Applications for Manipulating Drops (F Mugele); Phase Separation and Morphology of Polymer Mixtures Driven by Light (Q Tran-Cong-Miyata & H Nakanishi); Thermodynamics and the Phase Diagrams of Block Copolymers in Electric Fields (M Schick); Orienting and Tuning Block Copolymer Nanostructures with Electric Fields (A Boeker & K Schmidt); Block Copolymers Under an Electric Field: A Dynamic Density Functional Approach (A V Zvelindosky & G J A Sevink). Contents......Page 12 Foreword......Page 6 Preface......Page 8 1. Introduction......Page 14 2. Domains in Magnetic Solids......Page 17 3. Domains in Two-Dimensional Ferromagnetic Layers......Page 18 4. Dipolar Langmuir Films......Page 21 5. Magnetic Garnet Films......Page 23 5.1. Phase transitions......Page 25 6. Mesomagnetism and Nanomagnetism......Page 26 7. Ferrofluids and Other Dispersions of Magnetic Particles......Page 28 7.1. Modulation of ferrofluid interfaces......Page 31 7.1.1. Normal field instability......Page 33 7.1.2. More recent work......Page 35 7.1.3. Labyrinthine instability in polarized fluids......Page 38 7.1.4. Applications......Page 42 7.2. Phase transitions in ferrofluids......Page 43 7.3. Modulation of embedded objects......Page 48 7.3.2. Normal and inverse magnetorheological fluids......Page 49 7.3.3. Magnetic trapping of light......Page 51 7.3.4. Modulation of a nanoparticle cloud......Page 52 7.3.5. Magnetically stabilized fluidized bed (MSB)......Page 53 8. Block Copolymers......Page 55 8.1. Modulated periodicity in BCP......Page 57 8.2. Orientation of anisotropic phases by an electric field......Page 59 8.3. Phase transitions induced by electric fields......Page 60 9. Conclusions......Page 62 References......Page 63 1. Introduction......Page 70 2.1. Solvation interaction......Page 74 2.2. Image interaction......Page 75 2.3. Amphiphilic interaction......Page 77 3.1. Composition uctuations and mesoscopic phase......Page 79 4. Equilibrium Conditions in One-Dimensional Cases and Surface Tension......Page 82 4.1. Two species of ions......Page 83 4.2. Three species of ions......Page 84 4.3. Surface tension......Page 85 5.1. Including solvation and image interactions......Page 88 5.2. Including amphiphilic interaction in addition to solvation and image interactions......Page 93 6. Summary and Remarks......Page 95 References......Page 97 1. Introduction......Page 100 2. Shift of Tc under the Uniform Electric Field. Theoretical Predictions......Page 103 3.1. Direct measurements of Tc(E) shift......Page 106 3.2. Tc(E) shift deduced from electric permittivity anomaly......Page 117 4. Possible Reasons for Discrepancy between Predicted and Measured Shift of the Critical Temperature......Page 119 5. Conclusions and Outlook......Page 121 References......Page 122 1. Introduction......Page 126 2. Instabilities on Liquid/Air Interfaces — Single Layer......Page 127 3. Instabilities on Liquid/Liquid/Air Interfaces — Double Layer......Page 141 4. Pattern Formation in Thin Polymer Films under Electric Field......Page 147 5. Electrohydrodynamic Instabilities with Patterned Electrode......Page 150 6. Theoretical Approaches to Electrohydrodynamic Instabilities......Page 155 7. Block Copolymers under Electric Field: Electrohydrodynamic Instabilities and Microdomain Orientation......Page 157 References......Page 160 1. Introduction......Page 162 2.2. Modern electrowetting......Page 164 3. Physical Challenges of EW Applications......Page 170 4.1. Contact angle hysteresis in AC and DC electrowetting......Page 173 4.2. Oil film entrapment and break-up in ambient oil......Page 176 Conclusions......Page 180 References......Page 181 1. Introduction......Page 184 2.1. Non-reacting systems......Page 186 2.2. Reacting systems......Page 188 3.2. Design of hierarchical morphology by using competing interactions in polymeric systems......Page 191 3.3.1. Morphology design by irradiation with spatial modulation......Page 194 3.3.2. Morphology design by using irradiation with temporal modulation......Page 196 3.3.3. Spatially graded morphology designed by using strong light intensity......Page 198 3.3.4. Morphology with an arbitrary distribution of characteristic length scales designed by photochemical reactions: The computer-assisted irradiation (CAI) method......Page 200 3.3.5. Reversible phase separation of polymer blends driven by two UV wavelengths: E ects of reaction-induced deformation on morphology......Page 202 4. Concluding Remarks......Page 204 References......Page 205 1. Introduction......Page 210 2. Review of Basic Electrostatics in Polarizable Materials......Page 211 3. Basic Thermodynamics......Page 214 4. Electric Field Induced Bulk Phase Transition......Page 218 5. Basic Surface Thermodynamics......Page 222 6. Electric Field Induced Surface Phase Transition......Page 224 References......Page 227 1. Introduction......Page 228 2.1. Synthesis......Page 230 2.3. Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering......Page 231 2.4. Data evaluation......Page 232 2.5. Computer simulation......Page 233 3.1. Scaling behavior......Page 236 3.2. Computer simulations......Page 238 3.3. Estimation of the threshold electric fields......Page 241 3.4. Kinetics in a.c. electric fields......Page 242 4. Tuning the Periodicity of Block Copolymer Microdomains with Electric Fields......Page 243 4.1. Effect of an electric field on the polymer chains......Page 244 4.2. Inuence of different physical parameters......Page 248 4.3. Kinetic measurements......Page 251 5. Outlook......Page 252 Acknowledgments......Page 253 References......Page 254 1. Introduction......Page 258 2. Model......Page 260 3.2. Transitions of interest......Page 266 4.1.1. S-to-C? transition: close to disorder......Page 269 4.1.2. S-to-C? transition: far from disorder......Page 270 4.2. Discussion of the kinetic pathways of S-to-C? transition......Page 272 5.1.1. Cjj-to-C? transition: close to spheres......Page 273 5.1.2. Cjj-to-C? transition: close to bicontinuous......Page 275 5.2. Discussion of kinetic pathways of Cjj-to-C? transition......Page 281 6.1.1. Ljj-to-L? transition: close to disorder......Page 282 6.1.2. Ljj-to-L?: far from disorder......Page 283 6.2. Discussion of kinetic pathways of Ljj-to-L? transition......Page 284 7. Conclusions......Page 285 References......Page 287 Index......Page 292 "This unique book aims to expose the reader to a wide range of phenomena occurring when soft matter systems are put under the influence of an external electric field. The book shows how an electric field can be used to affect objects at the submicron scale, and how it controls the phase behavior of liquids and polymers. The main focus is on the basic underlying mechanisms. Some technological applications are dealt with as well. Book chapters are arranged in a logical order, from "simple" systems to more complicated ones. In addition, each topic is covered by the mixed bag of theory, experiment and simulation; and this will give the reader a broad perspective of the underlying physical phenomena."--Page 4 de couv Shows how an electric field can be used to affect objects at the submicron scale, and how it controls the phase behavior of liquids and polymers. This book focuses on the basic underlying mechanisms. It also deals with some technological applications