Polymer gels and networks: Ed. by Yoshihito Osada, Alexei R. Khokhlov

This text offers an in-depth look at the properties, thermodynamic formation, structure, latest trends and scientific application of bio- and synthetic polymer gels. It describes the use of hydrogels as superabsorbents, carriers for controlled drug release, membranes with regulated permeability, sensor devices and artificial muscles. Cover Page 1 Title Page 2 ISBN: 00824706692 3 Preface 4 Contents 6 Part A. Process and Formation of Gels 6 Part B. Structure and Behaviors of Gels 6 Contributors 8 1 Cascade Formalism Applied to Network Formation in Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Gel Films 11 I. INTRODUCTION 11 II. CASCADE FORMALISM 15 III. PATH-WEIGHTED GENERATING FUNCTION 17 IV. CASCADE FORMALISM FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING 19 V. INTERFERENCE EFFECT 24 VI. NETWORK FORMATION IN ORGANIC/INORGANIC HYBRID GEL IN THE FRAMEWORK OF CASCADE FORMALISM 25 A. Experimental 25 B. Results and Discussion 27 VII. SUMMARY 36 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 36 REFERENCES 37 2 Thermoreversible and Irreversible Physical Gels from Biopolymers 38 I. INTRODUCTION 38 II. GEL NETWORK TYPES 39 III. CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOPOLYMERS BY SHEAR MEASUREMENTS IN OSCILLATORY RHEOLOGY 41 IV. KINETIC CONTROL OF GELATION 45 V. GELATIN 46 VI. PLANT POLYSACCHARIDES 47 VII. MARINE POLYSACCHARIDES 48 VIII. MICROBIAL POLYSACCHARIDES 49 IX. HEAT SET GELS FORMED FROM GLOBULAR PROTEINS 49 X. MIXED PHYSICAL GELS 51 XI. SUMMARY 53 REFERENCES 54 3 Reversible (Physical) Gelation in the Solutions of Associating Polyelectrolytes 57 I. INTRODUCTION 57 II. PHASE SEPARATION OF ASSOCIATING TELECHELIC POLYELECTROLYTES IN DILUTE SOLUTIONS 58 III. ASSOCIATING POLYELECTROLYTES WITH LARGE NUMBER OF STICKERS IN DILUTE SOLUTION. NORMAL AND ANOMALOUS GELATION 65 IV. ASSOCIATING POLYELECTROLYTES WITH LARGE NUMBER OF STICKERS IN SEMIDILUTE SOLUTION. MICROPHASE SEPARATION 69 V. RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ASSOCIATING POLYELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS. SHEARTHICKENING EFFECT 71 VI. CONCLUSIONS 73 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 73 REFERENCES 74 4 Association in Polyelectrolyte-Catanionic Vesicle Systems: From Phase Behavior to Microstructure 77 I. INTRODUCTION 77 II. POLYMER-SURFACTANT MIXTURES: OVERVIEW 77 A. Critical Aggregation Concentration 78 B. Mixed Micelle Formation 78 C. Phase Behavior: Association Versus Segregation 79 D. Mixtures of Polyelectrolyte and Oppositely Charged Surfactant 80 III. VESICLE FORMATION IN MIXTURES OF CATIONIC AND ANIONIC SURFACTANTS 82 A. Catanionic Mixtures: Background 82 B. Phase Behavior Representation 83 C. Concentrated Catanionic Systems 85 D. Vesicle Formation in Dilute Systems 87 IV. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CATANIONIC VESICLES AND POLYELECTROLYTES 92 A. Polymer-Vesicle Systems: Background 92 B. Polycation-Anionic Vesicles 93 C. DNA-Cationic Vesicles 103 V. SUMMARY 104 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 106 REFERENCES 106 5 Metal Nanoparticlc Formation in Polyelectrolyte Gels with Regular Microstructures 111 I. METAL NANOPARTICLE FORMATION IN NANOSTRUCTURED ENVIRONMENT 111 II. INCORPORATION OF METAL IONS OR METAL NANOPARTICLES IN POLYELECTROLYTE GELS 111 III. METAL NANOPARTICLE FORMATION IN POLYSTYRENE SULFONATE MICROGELS 112 IV. POLYELECTROLYTE GEL/SURFACTANT COMPLEXES AS NANOSTRUCTURED MEDIUM FOR INTERACTION WITH METAL IONS AND METAL NANOPARTICLE FORMATION 113 A. Probing the Nanostructure by Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering 114 B. Interaction of Polyelectrolyte Gel Surfactant Complex with Metal Ions 116 C. SAXS Studies of Metal Nanoparticle Formation in Polyelectrolyte Gels 123 V. SUMMARY 136 REFERENCES 136 6 Structure and Properties of Polyampholyte Gels 139 I. INTRODUCTION 139 II. CONFORMATION OF PA CHAINS IN SOLUTION 142 A. Single-Chain Properties 142 B. Multichain Effects 145 C. Experimental Results 147 III. PROPERTIES OF PA GELS 149 A. Swelling Models 149 B. Experimental Results 151 IV. SUMMARY 166 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 167 REFERENCES 167 7 Polyelectrolyte/Ionomer Behavior of Polymer Gels 171 I. BACKGROUND 171 II. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION 173 III. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION OF POLYELECTROLYTE/IONOMER BEHAVIOR IN POLYMER GELS 174 A. Gels with Monovalent Counterions 174 B. Gels with Multivalent Counterions 178 IV. SUMMARY 182 REFERENCES 183 8 Electrical Behaviors and Mechanical Responses of Polyelectrolyte Gels 185 I. INTRODUCTION 185 II. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYELECTROLYTE GELS 186 A. Electrostatic Potential Distribution 186 B. Electrical Conductance 189 C. Low-Frequency Dielectric Relaxation of Polyelectrolyte Gels 191 III. ELECTRICAL/MECHANOELECTRICAL 198 A. Electrical Contraction 198 B. Mechanoelectric Effect 206 C. Electrical Oscillation 208 IV. SURFACE FRICTION OF POLYMER GELS 212 A. Specific Characteristics of Gel Surface Friction 212 B. Effect of Electrostatic Interaction at Interface 214 C. Theoretical Considerations 217 REFERENCES 224 9 Synchrotron X-Ray Scattering Study on Nanostructures of Polyelectrolyte Gel/Surf actant Complexes 227 I. INTRODUCTION 227 II. EXPERIMENTAL 228 A. Materials 228 B. Gel Preparation 228 C. Gel-Surfactant Complexation 229 D. Linear PMAA-Cn TAB Complexation 229 E. Synchrotron Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Measurements 230 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 230 A. Cationic P(NAPMACl NIPAM) gel-SCnS Complex Systems 230 B. Anionic P(MAA/NIPAM) Gel-CnTAB Systems 233 C. Cross Linker Density Effect 238 D. Structures of Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Complexes (PSCs) in the Dried State 239 IV. SUMMARY 241 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 242 REFERENCES 242 10 Structural and Dynamic Behavior of Polymer Gels as Elucidated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 244 I. INTRODUCTION 244 II. MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF POLYMER GELS 244 A. Approaches by 1H Pulse NMR Method 245 B. Approaches by High-Resolution Solid-State 13, NMR Method 250 C. Approaches by Pulse Field-Gradient Spin-Echo 1H NMR 259 D. Diffusional Behavior of Polypeptide Gels 284 III. MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF POLYMER GELS A. Approaches by NMR Imaging 292 IV. SUMMARY 314 REFERENCES 315 11 Electrical and Magnetic Field-Sensitive Smart Polymer Gels 319 I. INTRODUCTION 319 A. Scope of the Review 319 B. Characterization of Responsive Gels by the Origin of the Force 320 C. Conventional Smart Gels in an Electrical Field 321 II. THE EFFECT OF AN ELECTRICAL FIELD ON NEUTRAL POLYMER GELS 322 A. Composite Gels 324 III. ELECTRICAL FIELD-SENSITIVE COMPOSITE GELS 325 A. Electrophoretic Effects 325 B. Dielectrophoretic Effects 325 C. Electrorheological Effects 326 D. Responsive Gels Based on Electrorheological Effects 327 E. Responsive Gels Based on Electrophoretic Effects 328 IV. MAGNETIC FIELD-SENSITIVE POLYMER GELS 332 A. Magnetostriction 332 B. Ferrogels: Magnetostrictive Soft Materials 332 C. Effect of a Magnetic Field on the Shape or Ferrogels as Seen by Naked Eyes 333 D. Magnetic Properties of Ferrogels 333 E. Ferrogels in a Nonuniform Field 337 F. Ferrogels in a Uniform Magnetic Field 354 G. Swelling Behavior of Magnetic Gels 360 V. FUTURE ASPECTS 362 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 362 REFERENCES 362 12 Rhythmically Pulsing Gels Based on Chemomechanical Feedback Instability 366 I. INTRODUCTION 366 II. BACKGROUND 367 III. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 370 A. Preparation of Hydrogel Membranes 370 B. Test Cell (Prototype) 370 C. Experimental Procedures 371 IV. RESULTS 372 V. DISCUSSION 375 A. Experimental Results 375 B. Relation to Other Oscillators 377 VI. SUMMARY 378 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 378 APPENDIX 378 REFERENCES 379 Index 381 A 381 B 382 C 382 D 383 E 384 F 385 G 386 H 386 I 387 J,K 388 L 388 M 388 N 389 O 389 P 390 Q,R 391 S 391 T 393 U,V 393 W 393 X,Z 394 Back Cover Page 395 Provides comprehensive coverage of the most recent developments in the theory of non-Archimedean pseudo-differential equations and its application to stochastics and mathematical physics--offering current methods of construction for stochastic processes in the field of p-adic numbers and related structures. Develops a new theory for parabolic equat