Pollutants of Global Concern: A Comprehensive Overview of Persistent Organic Pollutants (Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies)

This book is a compilation of all the necessary attributes associated with the knowledge of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) that have been meticulously identified and charted down by the Stockholm Convention. Essential details starting from technical characteristics of the POPs to their expanse of nationwide usage, their remedial procedures adopted in India in comparison to available international data, and their consequent effects on biota and future perspectives are summarized with precision. Additionally, in-house scientific works that have been performed on each chemical are presented. Moreover, a unique feature of this book is that each chapter is dedicated to focusing on a single POP so that all the aspects of its usage, effects and fate can be accurately laid out. The book aims to be a go-to guidebook for stakeholders and academicians dealing with these chemicals who wish to be more acquainted with the present scenario of POPs and their status. Preface Acknowledgement Contents Contents Contents About the Author Aldrin 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of Aldrin 3 Status of Works and Usage in India 4 Global Scenario 5 Adverse Effects of Aldrin 6 Management and Remedial Measures 7 Conclusion References Chlordane 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of Chlordane 3 Status of Usage Within the Country 4 Effects, Toxicity, and Persistence of Chlordane 5 In-house (Countrywide) Scientific Work Done on the Chemical 6 International Scientific Work on Chlordane 7 Adverse Effects of Chlordane 8 Remedial Action Taken for Management of Chlordane 9 Conclusion References Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of DDT 3 Status of Works and Usage in India 4 In-House (Countrywide) Scientific Work Done on the Chemical 5 International Data Versus the Indian Scenario 6 Adverse Effects of DDT 7 Management and Remedial Measures 8 Conclusion References Dieldrin 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of Dieldrin 3 Status of Works and Usage in India 4 Global Scenario 5 Adverse Effects of Dieldrin 6 Management and Remedial Measures 7 Conclusion References Endrin 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of Endrin 3 Status of Works and Usage in India 4 International Data Versus the Indian Scenario 5 Adverse Effects of Endrin 6 Conclusion References Heptachlor 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of Heptachlor 3 Status of Works and Usage in India 4 International Data Versus Indian Scenario 5 Adverse Effect of Heptachlor 5.1 Human Health Effects 5.1.1 Acute Poisoning 5.1.2 Neurotoxicity 5.2 Wildlife and Environmental Effects (Wurl & Obbard, 2005) 5.2.1 Bioaccumulation 5.2.2 Impact on Wildlife Populations 5.3 Environmental Persistence 5.4 Global Distribution 6 Management and Remedial Measures 6.1 Ban and Regulation 6.2 Safer Alternatives 7 Conclusion References Hexachlorobenzene 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of HCB 3 Status of Works and Usage 4 Degradation and Environmental Fate 5 In-House (Countrywide) Scientific Work Done on the Chemical 6 International Data Versus The Indian Scenario 7 Adverse Effects of hcb 8 Management and Remedial Measures 9 Conclusion References Mirex 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of Mirex 3 Status of Usage Within the Country and Beyond 4 Effects, Toxicity, and Persistence of Mirex 5 International Data Versus Indian Scenario 6 Adverse Effects of Mirex 7 Remedial Action Taken for Management of POP 8 Recommendations References Toxaphene 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of Toxaphene 3 Status of Works and Usage in India 4 International Data for Toxaphene Residues 5 Adverse Effects of Toxaphene 6 Management and Remedial Measures 7 Conclusion References Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of PCB 3 Status of Works and Usage in India 4 Degradation and Environmental Fate 5 International Scientific Work on PCBs 6 In-House (Countrywide) Scientific Work Done on the Chemical 7 Adverse Effects of PCBs 8 Management and Remedial Measures 9 Conclusion References Dioxins and Furans 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of Dioxin and Furan 3 Status of Works and Usage in India 4 International Data 5 Adverse Effects of Dioxins and Furans 6 Management and Remedial Measures 7 Conclusion References Hexachlorocyclohexane (α, β-HCH) and Lindane (γ-HCH) 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of Hexacholorocyclohexane 2.1 Other Characteristics 3 State of Use of HCH in India and the World 3.1 Environmental Standards and Regulations Related to Lindane (Gamma-HCH) 4 Adverse Effects of Hexacholorocyclohexane 5 Management 6 Conclusion References Chlordecone 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of Chlordecone 3 Status of Usage Within the Country 3.1 Export and Import of Chlordecone 3.2 Exemption (Use of Chemicals for Scientific Purpose) 3.3 Exposure Control and Personal Protection 4 Global Status of Use of Chlordecone 5 Adverse Effects 5.1 Biological Half-Life 5.2 Environmental Fate 5.3 Persistence/Toxicity 5.4 Exposure Routes 6 In-House (Countrywide) Scientific Work Done on the Chemical 7 Relevance of the International Scientific Data as per Indian Conditions 8 Remedial Action Taken for Management of POPs 9 Recommendations References Hexabromobiphenyl (HBB) 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of Hexabromobiphenyl 3 Status of Usage Within the Country 3.1 Production and Stockpiles 3.2 Environmental Fate 4 In-House (Countrywide) Scientific Work Done on the Chemical 5 Relevance of the International Scientific Data as per Indian Conditions 6 Remedial Action Taken for Management of POPs 7 Recommendations References Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) (NCBI, 2023) 3 Status of Usage Within the Country 3.1 Exemption for the Utilization of Chemical Substances in the Context of Scientific Investigation 4 Relevance of the International Scientific Data as per Indian Conditions 5 Remedial Action Taken for Management of POPs 6 Recommendations References Tetra-, Penta-, Hexa-, and Heptabromodiphenyl Ethers 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of Tetra-, Penta-, Hexa-, and Heptabromodiphenyl Ether 3 Status of Usage Within the Country 4 Adverse Effects 5 In-House (Countrywide) Scientific Work Done on the Chemical 6 Relevance of the International Scientific Data as per Indian Conditions 7 Remedial Action Taken for Management of POPs 8 Recommendations References Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of Hexachlorobutadiene 3 Status of Usage Within the Country and Emission of HCBD 4 Health Effects of HCBD 4.1 Status of HCBD in Different Countries 5 In-House (Countrywide) Scientific Work Done on the Chemical 5.1 Relevance of the International Scientific Data as per Indian Conditions 6 Remedial Action Taken for Management of POPs 7 Recommendations References Penta-Chlorobenzene (PeCB) 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of Penta-Chlorobenzene 3 Status of Usage Within the Country 3.1 In-House (Countrywide) Scientific Work Done on the Chemical 3.2 Relevance of the International Scientific Data as per Indian Conditions 3.3 Exemption (Use of Chemicals for Scientific Purpose) 3.4 Producers, Trade Names, Uses, and Effects of PeCB 3.5 The Historical Applications and Utilizations 4 Adverse Effects 4.1 Probable Routes of Human Exposure 5 Remedial Action Taken for Management of POPs 5.1 Replacement 6 Recommendations References Pentachlorophenol (PCP): Its Salts and Esters 1 Introduction 2 Technical and Physicochemical Properties of PCP and Its Esters 3 Adverse Effects 3.1 Toxicological Characteristics 3.2 Acute Toxicity 3.3 Short-Term Toxicity 4 Production and Usage 5 Sources of Environmental Releases for PCP 6 Environmental Detection and Exposure 6.1 Exposure 6.2 Human Health Hazard Information 6.2.1 Acute Effects 6.2.2 Chronic Effects (Non-cancer) 6.2.3 Reproductive/Developmental Effects 6.2.4 Cancer Risk 7 Regulations and Guidelines 7.1 International Context 7.2 Occupational Limits for Pentachlorophenol in Air 7.3 Production and Stockpiles 7.4 Indian Context 7.5 Research Work on PCP 7.6 In-House Work (Done in India) 7.7 Global Purview 8 Remedial Action Taken for Management of POP 8.1 Indian Context 8.2 International Context 9 Recommendations References Perfluorooctane Sulphonic Acid (PFOS), Its Salts, and Perfluorooctane Sulphonyl Fluoride (PFOS-F) 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of PFOS, Its Salts, and PFOSF 3 Status of Usage Within the Country 4 Uses and Sources of POPs and Regulation 5 In-House (Countrywide) Scientific Work Done on the Chemical 6 Relevance of the International Scientific Data as per Indian Conditions 7 Efforts Taken for POPs Management in India 8 Recommendations References Polychlorinated Naphthalenes (PCNs) 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of PCNs 3 PCN in Stockholm Convention 4 Usage in India 5 Indian Studies 6 Global Studies 7 Adverse Effects of PCNs 8 Management and Remedial Measures 9 Conclusion References Endosulfan 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of Endosulfan 3 Status of Usage Within the Country 4 In-House (Countrywide) Scientific Work Done on the Chemical 5 Relevance of the International Scientific Data as per Indian Conditions 6 Remedial Action Taken for Management of POP 7 Recommendations References Decabromodiphenyl Ether (decaBDE) 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of decaBDE 3 Status of Works and Usage in India 3.1 Production and Stockpiles 3.2 Regulation 4 International Data Versus the Indian Scenario 4.1 Relevance of the International Scientific Data as per Indian Conditions 5 Adverse Effects of decaBDE 6 Management and Remedial Measures 7 Conclusion References Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) 1 Introduction 2 Technical Details of the SCCPs 3 Status of Work and Usage in India 4 International Data Versus the Indian Scenario 5 Relevance of the International Scientific Data as per Indian Conditions 6 Adverse Effects of SCCPs 7 Remedial Action Taken for Management of POPs 8 Recommendations References Index