سیاست و نظریه زبان در اتحاد جماهیر شوروی ۱۹۱۷-۱۹۳۸: تولد زبان‌شناسی جامعه‌شناختی (سری انتقام در مطالعات روسی، اروپای شرقی و اوراسیا)

'Politics and the Theory of Language in the USSR 1917-1938' provides ground-breaking research into the relationship between linguistic theory and politics during the first two decades of the USSR. This work introduces some of the era's most notable figures whose achievements have been largely overlooked in the West, and provides a thought-provoking discussion of the innovative approaches they developed. Some of these insights still have a progressive role to play in scholarship today. | 'Politics and the Theory of Language in the USSR 1917-1938' provides ground-breaking research into the complex interrelations of linguistic theory and politics during the first two decades of the USSR. The work examines how the new Revolutionary regime promoted linguistic research that scrutinised the relationship between language, social structure, national identity and ideological factors as part of an attempt to democratize the public sphere. It also looks at the demise of the sociological paradigm, as the isolation and bureaucratization of the state gradually shifted the focus of research. Through this account, the collection formally acknowledges the achievements of the Soviet linguists of the time, whose innovative approaches to the relationship between language and society predates the emergence of western sociolinguistics by several decades. These articles are the first articles written in English about these linguists, and will introduce an Anglophone audience to a range of materials hitherto unavailable. In addition to providing new articles, the volume also presents the first annotated translation of Ivan Meshchaninov's 1929 'Theses on Japhetidology', thereby providing insight into one of the most controversial strands within Soviet linguistic thought. Front Matter 1 Half Tittle 1 Tittle 3 Copyright 4 Table of Contents 5 Chapter 1: Introduction 7 Scholarship and Ideology 11 The Linguistics of Stalinism 13 Rationalization and the ‘Construction of Socialism’ 14 ‘Speech Culture’ 18 References 20 Chapter 2: SOVIET LINGUISTICS OF THE 1920S AND 1930S AND THE SCHOLARLY HERITAGE 23 1. ‘According to the Old Books’ 28 2. There is No ‘Bourgeois Sociality’ 31 3. The Acceptable and the Unacceptable 33 4. Don’t be Obscurantists 37 References 39 Chapter 3: ‘SOCIOLOGY’ IN SOVIET LINGUISTICS OF THE 1920–30S: SHOR, POLIVANOV AND VOLOSHINOV 41 1. Introduction 41 2. Sociology and Soviet Marxism 42 3. Shor and the French School of the Sociology of Language 46 4. Polivanov: The Social Dimension of Language Evolution 48 5. Voloshinov: Sociology and the Philosophy of Language 52 6. Conclusion 55 Bibliography 56 Chapter 4: THEORETICAL INSIGHTS AND IDEOLOGICAL PRESSURES IN EARLY SOVIET LINGUISTICS: THE CASES OF LEV IAKUBINSKII AND BORIS LARIN 59 Lev Iakubinskii 60 Boris Larin 66 References 73 Chapter 5: EARLY SOVIET LINGUISTICS AND MIKHAIL BAKHTIN’S ESSAYS ON THE NOVEL OF THE 1930S 75 Problems with Bakhtin’s Texts 76 Bakhtin’s Conception of Language in the 1930s 78 Common Arguments 80 Lev Iakubinskii’s Articles ‘The Class Structure of Contemporary Russian Language’ 1930–31 81 The Formation of the Russian National Language 83 Public Discourse and its Genres 84 Linguistic Unification and Discursive Differentiation 86 From Raznoiazychie to Raznorechie 87 Bakhtin’s Relationship to Soviet Linguistics 89 References 92 Chapter 6: LANGUAGE AS A BATTLEFIELD – THE RHETORIC OF CLASS STRUGGLE IN LINGUISTIC DEBATES OF THE FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN PERIOD: THE CASE OF E.D. POLIVANOV VS. G.K. DANILOV 95 Introduction 95 Polivanov vs. Danilov: Language as an Instrument in Polemics 101 Polivanov vs. Danilov: Language as a Sociolinguistic Indicator 106 Conclusion 108 References 109 Chapter 7: THE TENACITY OF FORMS: LANGUAGE, NATION, STALIN 111 Introduction 111 Language and Nation 114 Nation and State 117 State and Language 122 Conclusion 126 References 126 Chapter 8: THE WORD AS CULTURE: GRIGORII VINOKUR’S APPLIED LANGUAGE SCIENCE 129 Defining Poetics 130 Utilitarian Language Science 134 On the Path to Philology 138 References 140 Chapter 9: LANGUAGE IDEOLOGY AND THE EVOLUTION OF KUL ́TURA IAZYKA (‘SPEECH CULTURE’) IN SOVIET RUSSIA 143 The Lost Legacy of Grigorii Vinokur 144 Lineage of Linguistic Engineering 145 The Quiet Conservatism of the Practitioners 147 The Codifiers 147 Speech Culture and Kul ́turnost ́ 150 Linguist Stalin and the Purist Revival 152 Institutionalization of Kul ́tura rechi 153 References 154 Chapter 10: PSYCHOLOGY, LINGUISTICS AND THE RISE OF APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE IN THE USSR: ISAAK SHPIL ́REIN’S LANGUAGE OF THE RED ARMY SOLDIER 157 Psychotechnics 159 The Red Army and Political Education 162 The Study 165 The Significance of the Study 168 References 171 End Matter 175 Appendix 1 175 INTRODUCTION TO JAPHETIDOLOGY: THESES 175 Introduction to Meshchaninov 175 References 179 INTRODUCTION TO JAPHETIDOLOGY (1929) 181 A. The General Propositions of Japhetidology 181 B. Theses Outlining the Propositions of General Linguistics 182 Appendix 2 187 GLOSSARY OF NAMES 187 Appendix 3 193 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 193 NOTES 195 Chapter 1. Introduction 195 Chapter 2. Soviet Linguistics of the 1920s and 1930s and the Scholarly Heritage 195 Chapter 3. ‘Sociology’ in Soviet Linguistics of the 1920–30s: Shor, Polivanov and Voloshinov 196 Chapter 4. Theoretical Insights and Ideological Pressures in Early Soviet Linguistics: The Cases of Lev Iakubinskii and Boris Larin 197 Chapter 5. Early Soviet Linguistics and Mikhail Bakhtin’s Essays on the Novel of the 1930s 197 Chapter 6. Language as a Battlefield – the Rhetoric of Class Struggle in Linguistic Debates of the First Five-Year Plan Period: The Case of E.D. Polivanov vs. G.K. Danilov 198 Chapter 7. The Tenacity of Forms: Language, Nation, Stalin 199 Chapter 8. The Word as Culture: Grigorii Vinokur’s Applied Language Science 200 Chapter 9. Language Ideology and the Evolution of Kul ́tura iazyka (‘Speech Culture’) in Soviet Russia 201 Chapter 10. Psychology, Linguistics and the Rise of Applied Social Science in the USSR: Isaak Shpil ́rein’s Language of the Red Army Soldier 201 Appendix 1. Introduction to Japhetidology: Theses, Ivan Meshchaninov 202 INDEX OF NAMES 203 Introduction / Craig Brandist -- Soviet Linguistics Of The 1920s And 1930s And The Scholarly Heritage / Vladimir Alpatov -- Sociology In Soviet Linguistics Of The 1920-30s : Shor, Polivanov, And Voloshinov / Mika Lähteenmäki -- Theoretical Insights And Ideological Pressures In Early Soviet Linguistics : The Cases Of Lev Iakubinskii And Boris Larin / Victoria Gulida -- Early Soviet Linguistics And Mikhail Bakhtin's Essays On The Novel Of The 1930s / Craig Brandist And Mika Lähteenmäki -- Language As A Battlefield : The Rhetoric Of Class Struggle In Linguistic Debates Of The First Five-year Plan Period : The Case Of E.d. Polivanov Vs. G.k. Danilov / Kapitolina Fedorova -- The Tenacity Of Forms : Language, Nation, Stalin / Michael G. Smith -- The Word As Culture : Grigorii Vinokur's Applied Language Science / Vladislava Reznik -- Language Ideology And The Evolution Of Kulʹtura Iazyka (speech Culture) In Soviet Russia / Michael S. Gorham -- Psychology, Linguistics, And The Rise Of Applied Social Science In The Ussr : Isaak Shpilʹreĭn's The Language Of The Red Army Soldier / Craig Brandist -- Appendix 1: Introduction To Japhetidology : Theses / Ivan Meshchaninov ; Translated And With An Introduction By Craig Brandist -- Appendix 2: Glossary Of Names / Craig Brandist And Katya Chown. Edited By Craig Brandist And Katya Chown. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.