Political Theory : An Encyclopedia of Contemporary and Classic Terms

"Liberty. Justice. Nature. Law. First formulated millennia ago by the founding philosophers of the Western tradition, these basic concepts of human thought remain central to our conception of ourselves, our place in the world, and our relationships with others - that is, our politics. Readers encountering such broad political concepts, their practical expressions in political movements and systems of government, the ideas of influential ancient and modern political thinkers - or simply familiar or unfamiliar catchphrases for which they would like a succinct yet informative explanation - will welcome this accessible encyclopedic guide. The major political concepts, themes, issues, movements, groups, and schools that have developed over time and shaped our modern world appear here in all their diversity, along with biographical entries and articles on the principal works of political theorists from Plato to John Rawls. Further, serious students and browsers alike will delight in the numerous entries on familiar quotations and political catchphrases, from the "banality of evil" and "Big Brother" to the "war of all against all.""--BOOK JACKET COVER......Page 1 COPYRIGHT......Page 5 CONTENTS......Page 8 AUTHOR’S NOTE......Page 10 PREFACE......Page 12 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 14 LIST OF ENTRIES......Page 16 absolutes......Page 20 Adams, John......Page 23 administration of things......Page 24 advice to princes......Page 25 Afrocentrism......Page 26 al-Afghani, Sayyid Jamal al-Din......Page 28 Alfarabi......Page 29 al-Ghazali......Page 30 allegory of the cave......Page 31 all men are created equal......Page 34 Althusius, Johannes......Page 36 amor Dei/amor sui......Page 37 amour de soi/amour propre......Page 38 analogy of the jars......Page 39 anarchism......Page 40 antifederalists......Page 46 antifoundationalism......Page 47 anti-Semitism......Page 48 apartheid......Page 50 Aquinas, Thomas......Page 52 Arendt, Hannah......Page 56 aristocracy......Page 58 Aristotle......Page 59 auctoritas......Page 64 Augustine......Page 65 authoritarianism......Page 70 Averroes......Page 71 the ballot or the bullet?......Page 72 Beccaria, Cesare......Page 73 behavioralism......Page 74 Bentham, Jeremy......Page 75 Big Brother......Page 76 black power......Page 77 Bodin, Jean......Page 79 bread and peace......Page 80 Buber, Martin......Page 81 Burke, Edmund......Page 83 the butcher, the brewer, or the baker......Page 86 capillary power......Page 87 Catholic League......Page 88 Catholic social teaching......Page 89 Catholic Worker movement......Page 90 checks and balances......Page 91 Cicero, Marcus Tullius......Page 93 Circle of Power......Page 95 circulation of elites......Page 96 city upon a hill......Page 98 civil disobedience......Page 99 communism......Page 100 complex equality......Page 101 consequentialism......Page 102 conservatism......Page 103 conspicuous consumption......Page 106 content of their character......Page 107 correspondence theory......Page 108 critical theory......Page 109 culture of death......Page 110 democracy......Page 111 Dewey, John......Page 118 dhimmi......Page 119 dialectical theory......Page 120 dictatorship of relativism......Page 121 dictatorship of the proletariat......Page 122 difference principle......Page 124 differend......Page 125 dominance and monopoly......Page 126 end justi es the means......Page 127 entitlement theory......Page 128 environmentalism......Page 129 equality, egalitarianism......Page 131 equality of condition, equality of opportunity......Page 132 ethic of care......Page 133 ethic of conviction and ethic of responsibility......Page 134 ethic of right......Page 136 existentialism......Page 137 faction......Page 139 fascism......Page 140 Federalist Papers......Page 145 feminism......Page 146 first principle of justice......Page 148 Foucault, Michel......Page 149 Four Freedoms......Page 151 free development of each is the condition for the free development of all......Page 152 freedom......Page 153 from each according to his ability, to each according to his work......Page 156 fundamentalism......Page 157 Funeral Oration of Pericles......Page 159 game theory......Page 160 general will......Page 162 Gettysburg Address......Page 165 Gramsci, Antonio......Page 166 Grotius, Hugo......Page 167 Habermas, Jürgen......Page 168 Hamilton, Alexander......Page 170 Harrington, James......Page 171 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich......Page 172 Herzl, Theodor......Page 176 Hobbes, Thomas......Page 177 Hume, David......Page 181 Ibn Khaldun......Page 182 ideology......Page 183 I have a dream......Page 186 immanentize the eschaton......Page 187 incredulity toward metanarratives......Page 188 iron cage of modernity......Page 189 Jefferson, Thomas......Page 190 jiha ̄d......Page 192 justice......Page 193 just war theory......Page 196 knowledge is power......Page 198 Leviathan......Page 199 liberalism......Page 204 libertarianism......Page 208 life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness......Page 209 life, liberty, property......Page 210 Locke, John......Page 212 logical positivism......Page 216 Machiavelli, Niccolo`......Page 217 Madison, James......Page 221 Maimonides, Moses......Page 223 Marcuse, Herbert......Page 225 Marx, Karl......Page 227 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice......Page 233 Mill, John Stuart......Page 235 monarchomachs......Page 236 monarchy......Page 237 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat Baron de la Brede et de la......Page 238 Muslim Brethren......Page 239 natural law......Page 240 negative and positive liberty......Page 242 neo-Marxism......Page 245 neo-Thomism......Page 246 Niebuhr, Reinhold......Page 247 Nietzsche, Friedrich......Page 248 nonsense on stilts......Page 252 open-ended distributive principle......Page 253 owl of Minerva......Page 254 pagan politics......Page 255 Pareto optimality......Page 256 Paris was well worth a Mass......Page 257 the personal is political......Page 258 phrase regimen......Page 259 Plato......Page 260 pleonexia......Page 267 Politics......Page 268 politics of presence, politics of ideas......Page 273 Politiques......Page 274 positivism......Page 275 Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely......Page 278 prisoner’s dilemma......Page 279 procedural republic......Page 280 propaganda of the deed......Page 282 Protestant Reformation and political thought......Page 283 Pufendorf, Samuel, Baron von......Page 285 Qutb, Sayyid......Page 287 raison d’état......Page 288 republic......Page 290 Republic, The......Page 292 rights......Page 297 Rorty, Richard......Page 299 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques......Page 301 satyagraha......Page 305 Second Treatise on Government......Page 306 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus......Page 311 shari’a......Page 312 Si guarda al fini......Page 313 The Social Contract......Page 314 social Darwinism......Page 319 Social Gospel movement......Page 320 socialism......Page 321 Socrates......Page 326 sortition......Page 327 sovereignty......Page 328 Spinoza, Baruch......Page 330 Strauss, Leo......Page 333 Suárez, Francisco......Page 334 subsidiarity......Page 336 synderesis......Page 337 teacher of evil......Page 338 three causes of quarrel......Page 339 Tocqueville, Alexis de......Page 340 totalitarianism......Page 341 two-swords doctrine......Page 342 unencumbered self......Page 343 utilitarianism......Page 344 veil of ignorance......Page 345 virtu......Page 346 Voegelin, Eric......Page 347 Wahhabism......Page 349 war of all against all......Page 350 What is conservatism?......Page 351 What is rational is real, and what is real is rational......Page 352 Wilt Chamberlain argument......Page 353 Xenophon......Page 354 Zionism......Page 355 zoon politikon......Page 356 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 358 INDEX......Page 364 ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 378 COVER 1 COPYRIGHT 5 CONTENTS 8 AUTHOR鈥橲 NOTE 10 PREFACE 12 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 14 LIST OF ENTRIES 16 ENTRIES 20 A 20 absolutes 20 Adams, John 23 administration of things 24 advantage of the stronger 25 advice to princes 25 Afrocentrism 26 al-Afghani, Sayyid Jamal al-Din 28 Alfarabi 29 al-Ghazali 30 alienation 31 allegory of the cave 31 all men and women are created equal 34 all men are created equal 34 all other contentments 36 Althusius, Johannes 36 amor Dei/amor sui 37 amour de soi/amour propre 38 analogy of the jars 39 anarchism 40 antifederalists 46 antifoundationalism 47 anti-Semitism 48 apartheid 50 Aquinas, Thomas 52 Arendt, Hannah 56 aristocracy 58 Aristotle 59 auctor 64 auctoritas 64 Augustinus, Aurelius 65 Augustine 65 autarky 70 authoritarianism 70 autocracy 71 Averroes 71 B 72 the ballot or the bullet? 72 Beccaria, Cesare 73 behavioralism 74 bellum omnium contra omnes 75 Bentham, Jeremy 75 Big Brother 76 biopower 77 black power 77 Bodin, Jean 79 bread and peace 80 Buber, Martin 81 Burke, Edmund 83 the butcher, the brewer, or the baker 86 C 87 capillary power 87 carceral society 88 Catholic League 88 Catholic social teaching 89 Catholic Worker movement 90 checks and balances 91 Cicero, Marcus Tullius 93 Circle of Power 95 circulation of elites 96 city t for pigs 98 city upon a hill 98 civil disobedience 99 communism 100 complex equality 101 consequentialism 102 conservatism 103 conspicuous consumption 106 constructivism 107 content of their character 107 conventionalism 108 correspondence theory 108 cost as the limit of price 109 critical theory 109 culture of death 110 Cum potestas in populo auctoritas in senatu sit 111 D 111 decision theory 111 democracy 111 despot, despotism 118 Dewey, John 118 dhimmi 119 dialectical theory 120 dictator 121 dictatorship of relativism 121 dictatorship of the proletariat 122 difference principle 124 differend 125 dominance and monopoly 126 doublespeak 127 E 127 end justi es the means 127 entitlement theory 128 environmentalism 129 equality, egalitarianism 131 equality of condition, equality of opportunity 132 ethic of care 133 ethic of conviction and ethic of responsibility 134 ethic of right 136 existentialism 137 Exitus actor probat 139 F 139 faction 139 fascism 140 Federalist Papers 145 feminism 146 first principle of justice 148 first principles 149 Foucault, Michel 149 Four Freedoms 151 free development of each is the condition for the free development of all 152 freedom 153 from each according to his ability, to each according to his need 156 from each according to his ability, to each according to his work 156 fundamentalism 157 Funeral Oration of Pericles 159 G 160 game theory 160 general will 162 Gettysburg Address 165 Gramsci, Antonio 166 Grotius, Hugo 167 H 168 Habermas, J眉rgen 168 Hamilton, Alexander 170 Harrington, James 171 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 172 Herzl, Theodor 176 Hobbes, Thomas 177 Hume, David 181 I 182 Ibn Khaldun 182 ideology 183 I have a dream 186 immanentize the eschaton 187 incredulity toward metanarratives 188 invisible hand 189 iron cage of modernity 189 iron law of oligarchy 190 J 190 Jefferson, Thomas 190 jiha炉d 192 justice 193 just war theory 196 K 198 Kant, Immanuel 198 knowledge is power 198 L 199 Leviathan 199 liberalism 204 libertarianism 208 liberty 209 life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness 209 life, liberty, property 210 Locke, John 212 logical positivism 216 M 217 Machiavelli, Niccolo` 217 Madison, James 221 magister populi 223 Maimonides, Moses 223 Marcuse, Herbert 225 Maritain, Jacques 227 Marx, Karl 227 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 233 Mill, John Stuart 235 monarchomachs 236 monarchy 237 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat Baron de la Brede et de la 238 Muslim Brethren 239 N 240 nationalism 240 natural law 240 negative and positive liberty 242 neo-Marxism 245 neo-positivism 246 neo-Thomism 246 Niebuhr, Reinhold 247 Nietzsche, Friedrich 248 nonsense on stilts 252 O 253 objectivism 253 ochlocracy 253 open-ended distributive principle 253 organicism 254 owl of Minerva 254 P 255 pagan politics 255 panopticon 256 Pareto optimality 256 Pareto鈥檚 Law 257 Paris was well worth a Mass 257 personalism 258 the personal is political 258 phrase regimen 259 Plato 260 pleonexia 267 Plymouth Rock landed on us 268 political animal 268 Politics 268 politics of presence, politics of ideas 273 Politiques 274 positivism 275 potestas 278 Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely 278 pragmatic maxim 279 prisoner鈥檚 dilemma 279 procedural republic 280 propaganda of the deed 282 Protestant Reformation and political thought 283 Pufendorf, Samuel, Baron von 285 Q 287 Qutb, Sayyid 287 R 288 raison d鈥櫭?at 288 Rawls, John 290 republic 290 Republic, The 292 rights 297 Rorty, Richard 299 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 301 S 305 Salus populi suprema lex est 305 satyagraha 305 second principle of justice 306 Second Treatise on Government 306 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus 311 shari鈥檃 312 Si guarda al fini 313 The Social Contract 314 social Darwinism 319 Social Gospel movement 320 socialism 321 Socrates 326 sortition 327 sovereignty 328 Spinoza, Baruch 330 Strauss, Leo 333 Su谩rez, Francisco 334 subsidiarity 336 synderesis 337 synteresis 338 T 338 teacher of evil 338 three causes of quarrel 339 tikkun olam 340 Tocqueville, Alexis de 340 totalitarianism 341 two-swords doctrine 342 tyranny 343 U 343 unencumbered self 343 utilitarianism 344 V 345 veil of ignorance 345 virtu 346 Vitoria, Francisco de 347 Voegelin, Eric 347 W 349 Wahhabism 349 war of all against all 350 Welfare of the people is the supreme law 351 What is conservatism? 351 What is rational is real, and what is real is rational 352 While power resides in the people, authority rests with the Senate 353 Wilt Chamberlain argument 353 worst form of government, except for all the others 354 X 354 Xenophon 354 Z 355 Zionism 355 zoon politikon 356 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 358 INDEX 364 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 378