Political Economy of Resource, Human Security and Environmental Conflicts in Africa

"The book Political Economy of Resource, Human Security and Environmental Conflicts In Africa is a masterpiece that accounts for the years of Western exploration of African resources as well as the economic and armed crisis that it has generated in the African continent. It is a wonderful learning resource for environmentalists, policy tool for African government and a rich source of knowledge." -- Dr. Emmanuel Mutambara, Graduate School of Business & Leadership, Westivile Campus, Durban. University of Kwa Zulu Natal, South Africa. "This book has conceptualized the dynamics as well as complexities of resources, human security and conflicts in the African continent. The rich data collected by the writers in presenting their facts are overwhelming. It is a fantastic learning and intellectual enriching resource for global scholar that are conscious of African studies." -- Prof. Romanus Ejiaga, Dean, Faculty of Humanities, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria. This book shows the push and pull effects between resources, human security and conflicts in Africa. It recognizes the need for resources in Africa to be processed into finished goods in order to influence global market and redefine the pattern of trade relations with powerful countries of Asia, America and Europe in shaping the destiny and future of African countries. The achievement of this laudable objective is plagued by the security challenges which are directly or indirectly linked to resource-related conflicts rocking most of the resource endowed countries in the continent, thereby threatening global peace and security. To deal with this menace in the continent, it requires global co-operation and support of foreign governments, international organizations, international non-government organizations, governments of host countries and its citizens. The book presents the cases and experiences of countries that are endowed with resource, as well as have experienced different forms of human insecurity and have witnessed environmental conflicts in its analysis, which make the discourse interesting and quite educating. Dr Kelechi Johnmary Ani is a lecturer in the Department of History and Strategic Studies, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria and Visiting Scholar, Masters in International Relations, University of The Gambia. His areas of research include peace, conflict and African political history. He has served as Guest Editor of the Journal of Nation Building and Policy Studies. He has been a reviewer for the following Web of Science indexed journals: African Security Review, Journal of African Media Studies as well as Journal of African and Asian Studies. He is also in the Editorial Review Board of the Independent Journal of Management and Production. He was an International Doctoral Thesis Examiner for the Graduate School of Business & Leadership, University of KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa. Professor Victor Ojakorotu currently teaches at the North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa. He has served as editor and reviewer to the following journals: Gender and Behaviour, Journal of Gender Information and Development in Africa, Journal of Reviews on Global Economies, African Renaissance, and Ubuntu: Journal of Conflict and Social Transformation (all Scopus and IBSS Accredited). He has been an external examiner for Masters and Doctoral degrees from 2007- present at the University of Cape Town, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, University of Zululand, and University of Witwatersrand, all in South Africa. Dr. Kelvin Bribena is a lecturer in the Faculty of Law, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. His areas of research interest cover environmental, international economics, conflict resolution and human right studies Foreword by P. C. Enwereji Acknowledgements Contents Notes on Contributors List of Figures List of Tables 1 Mineral Resources in Africa and Politics of Exploration: An Introductory Synopsis Introduction Regional and Foreign Actors’ Interest Group International Influence and Control of African Natural Resources Mineral Resources Access and Armed Militarization in Africa Mineral Resources and Corruption Conclusion and Recommendations References 2 Chinese Resource Policy and Human Security in Africa: A Discourse Introduction Methodology Presentation of Findings Discussion of Findings Economic Security Political Security Community Security Environmental Security Health Security Food Security Personal Security Conclusion References 3 Sustainable Human Security in Africa: Exploring the Effects of Diminishing Natural Resources and Low Sovereign Wealth Funds Introduction Understanding Sustainable Human Security in Africa Africa’s Vast Natural resources—A Source of Power, Insecurity and Poverty Sovereign Wealth Funds: A Choice or a Necessity? Conclusion References 4 The Dynamics and Complexities of Natural Resources and Conflicts in Angola Introduction Historical Overview of Angola Resource Curse Syndrome Theories of Resource Curse Angola’s Natural Resource Curse and Conflicts Consequences of Resource Curse Conflicts on Angolans Concluding Remarks References 5 An Eco-Marxist Critique of Capitalism in Africa Introduction Eco-Marxism—A Theoretical Discourse Capitalism in Africa: An Overview Capitalism, Nature and Environment in Africa Eco-Marxist Critique of Capitalism in Africa Mediating the Metabolic Rift: Need for the Abolition of Private Property in Africa’s Extractive Industry Conclusion References 6 Theoretical Postulation of National Integration and the Roles of Political Parties: A Reflection on African and Asian Countries Introduction Statement of Problem Research Methodology Methodological and Theoretical Considerations National Integration and Brief Reflection on Nigeria: Ethiopia; and South Africa Theoretical Postulation Approaches to National Integration and State Strategies Integration and Formation of States in Africa Tenets of National Integrations and the African States The Asian Case: Malaysia Party Politics in Malaysia The Asian Case: India The Nexus Between Political Parties, National Integration and Ethnicity Integration Theory Theory of Charismatic Leadership The Political Party Brokerage Theory The Elite-Mass Gap Doctrine The Free Market Model The Structural-Functionalist The Cross-Pressure Theory The Equitable or Balanced Development Approach Consociational Democratic Theory Concluding Remarks References 7 Peace-Making, Government and Communal Conflict in Nigeria: Evidences from Ife-Modakeke Crisis Introduction Contextual Discourse Conceptual Issues Existing Studies on Conflict and Communal Resolution Theoretical Perspective Government and the Conditions for Non-state Mediation Government and Peace-Making: Analysis from Ife-Modakeke Crisis Peace-Making Principle Adoptable by Government: Lessons from Ife-Modakeke Crisis Concluding Remarks References 8 Indigene-Settler Dichotomy and Citizenship in Africa: Perspectives from Otuocha and Jos Background to the Study Research Questions and Scope Operational Definition of Terms and Literature Review Theoretical Framework Methodology Data Collection and Analysis Discussions Summary of Findings Recommendations Appendix A Interview Guide The State and Indigeneship Crisis in Otuocha and Jos Land Claims, Politics and Indigenenship in Otuocha and Jos Identity Renditions and Indigeneship Crisis in Otuocha and Jos Guides to Suggested Policy Frameworks That Can Help Actualize Citizenship Appendix B Key Informants Otuocha Jos References 9 Promoting Human Security in Nigeria: The Role of Tourism Introduction The Concept of Human Security Human Security in Nigeria What is Tourism? Types of Tourism Nigerian Tourism Outlook Tourism Attractions in Nigeria Tourism as a Tool in Promoting Human Security in Nigeria Way Forward Conclusion References 10 Dangerous Vision: The Insecurity of Nigerian Leadership Introduction The Insecurity of Governance in Nigeria Conflict, Insecurity and the Trajectory of Interventions Leadership Linkages to Insecurity Conclusion Bibliography 11 Inter-Group Relations and Peace Building in Pre-Colonial Africa: Focus on Agba and Izhi Environmental Conflicts Introduction Methodology Origin and Migration Agba Warfare Organization of Warfare Pre-Colonial Agba Warfare Strategies Weapons of Warfare in Pre-Colonial Agba Implications of Agba Wars on Inter-Group Relations Peace-Building Strategies Cultural Aspects of Izhi Warfare The Teteri Wars Agbaja—Iseke War Conclusion 12 The Dilemma of Natural Resources and Upsurge of Conflicts in Africa: A Cursory Look at the Marikana Management Approaches in South Africa Introduction Resource Mobilization Theory Marikana in North West Province of South Africa Conceptualizing Conflict Conflict Management Conflict Management Strategies at Marikana Lonmin Conflict Prevention Efforts The South African Police Service (SAPS) and the Tactical Response Team (TRT) Option in Marikana Lonmin and Government Post-Marikana Mitigation Efforts Farlam Commission Findings and Recommendations of the Farlam Commission Conclusion References 13 Political Economy of Resource, Human Security and Environmental Conflicts in Africa: A Concluding Remark Introduction References