Policing and Intelligence in the Global Big Data Era, Volume II: New Global Perspectives on the Politics and Ethics of Knowledge (Palgrave's Critical Policing Studies)

This volume, the second of a two volume set, offers a rich and unique collection of global perspectives on data-driven predictive technologies and the expansion and use of surveillance apparatuses in policing and intelligence, both public and private. Volume II delves into the epistemologies of data, into the imaginaries of accuracy, and fantasies of technosolutionism, utilizing empirical case studies to interrogate the use of data in policing, while raising questions pertaining to governance, ethics and knowledge construction. The chapters span from exploring the construction of clean and dirty data in private and public policing in South Africa, discussions about facial recognition and technopolitics in Brazil, the construction of intelligence and organizational learning in Norwegian police ethics and broader questions of transparency, data quality, and trust in data-driven policing, to the very topical issues of policing of generative AI and the ways in which both authoritarian and liberal democracies, such as China and India, use biopolitics to turn social welfare into surveillance. Academics and students of criminology, social anthropology, critical algorithm studies, critical sociology, and regional studies, will find this timely volume of interest. Acknowledgments Contents Notes on Contributors List of Figures 1 Introduction to Volume II: Interrogating Cultures of Policing and Intelligence in the Big Data Era Surveillance Logic: Small and Big Datasets Data Criticality and Politics Decision-Making and Data Justice References 2 Data Quality in Police Work Data and Police Work The Social Constructedness of Data Data Quality Dimensions How the Police ‘Do’ Data Quality Conclusions References 3 Dirty Versus Clean Data: The Politics of Data-Driven Policing in South Africa Datafication and Platform Policing The South African Security Assemblage Public Space Monitoring in South Africa Meta-Platform of Surveillance The ‘Lists’ of Data-Driven Policing ‘Filtering’ the Data Concluding Remarks References 4 Laboratories of Biometric (In)Security: Facial Recognition Technologies and Surveillance Practices in Brazil Brazil as a Testing Ground for Biometric Surveillance Algorithmic Racism and the Risks of Vigilantism The Impact of AFRTs on the Automation of Racism in Police Practice The Risks of Vigilantism Conclusion: The Perils of Dragnet Surveillance in Brazil References 5 Algorithmic Policing: The Case of Chinese COVID-19 Management Revolutionary Labeling Culture Pandemic Labeling The Digitalization of Individual Risk Contact Tracing, Police Intelligence, and Human Judgment Reflection and Conclusions References 6 Norwegian Police as a Learning Organization in the Age of Data-Driven Intelligence? Intelligence and Learning Police Organization A More Unified Organization to Promote Knowledge Sharing and Learning The Intelligence Doctrine and the Closing Down of Reflection Datafication Practice Politics of Change: Concluding Remarks References 7 The Risks of Data Litter in Contemporary Policing Cultures: Interrogating Data Sharing Between Humanitarian NGOs and the Public Security Agencies Introduction Modulation and Security Intelligence EU Securitization The Tango of Data Sharing Justification of Data Collection Data Reliability and Risks of Data Litter Conclusion References 8 Black Box Algorithmic Decision-Making and Transparency Challenges in Policing Practice: Lessons from Implementation of New Technologies by the Toronto Police Service Introduction National Culture and Local Political Economy The Role of Organizational Culture Race-Based Data Collection and Organizational Culture The Ontario Human Rights Commission and Organizational Incentives Data Cascades Technology Implementation by the TPS ShotSpotter Procurement and Cancelation TPS Use of Clearview AI TPS Use of NEC Neoface Possible Solutions? Developing Algorithm Registers What are Algorithm Registers The Importance of Algorithm Registers Conclusion Interaction Between Elements of Data Governance Theory References 9 Artificial Intelligence and Moral Responsibility in Law Enforcement Cybercrime Challenges AI Hopes, AI Fears Values Moral Responsibility—Deep Learning, Deep Selves, and Sanity AI Mirrors and Ethical Reflection Understanding, Tools, and Technology Moral Residuals and AI Ethics? References 10 Rage Against the Machine: Automated Policing of Generative AI What to Police? The Rise of Generative AI Why Police? Side-Lining AI-Generated Content How (Not) to Police? Machine vs. Machine Conclusion References 11 Biometric (Data) Governance and Digital Surveillance: A Comparative Analysis of Biopolitics in India and China Introduction A Note on Methodology Genesis of Biometric Governance Neoliberalism and the Crisis of Legitimacy in India and China Big Data in Surveillance Capitalism: The Operational Aspects of Biopolitics in India and China DNA Profiling: An Attempted Tyranny of Technology? Conclusion References Index