Police Respond to Terrorism : Case Studies From India, France, Belgium, and England

This book examines the police response to the terrorist attacks in case studies that occurred in Mumbai (2008), Paris (2015), Brussels (2016) and Manchester (2017). The methodological approach to the case studies is comparative and features an interactive framework that incorporates a number of key variables. These variables include an examination of each of the terrorist attacks, a description of the terrorists involved, their actions, the response of the police and any weaknesses and strengths identified in the police response. Following the introduction, the book comprises of three sections. The first section looks at the theory of the police response to terrorism. The second section includes the presentation of the four case study terrorist attacks. The third and final section includes an analysis and comparison of the case study attacks and an examination on how the police response to terrorist attacks could be improved. It is ideal for policing professionals. Preface Acknowledgments Contents Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction Defining Terrorism The Four Waves of Terrorism Radicalization and the Financing of Terrorism Media Coverage of Terrorist Attacks The Use of Intelligence The Terrorist Attacks That Have Been Examined in the Case Studies Conclusion References Chapter 2: The Police Response to Terrorism – Draft Chapter Introduction The Background of Modern Terrorism The Development of Counterterrorism Strategies The Role of the Police in Responding to Terrorism The Responsibilities of the Police Changes in the Role of the Police The Preparedness of the Police to Respond to Terrorism Studies That Have Examined How Prepared Police Agencies Are to Respond to Terrorism Using Contingency Theory to Examine How Prepared Police Agencies Are to Prevent and Respond to Terrorism Community-Oriented Policing and the Role of the Police in Countering Terrorism Community-Oriented Policing and the Gathering of Intelligence Gathering Intelligence from the Community to Counterterrorism Intelligence-Led Policing and Countering Terrorism The Practical Aspects of Responding to Terrorism Planning for a Terrorist Attack Working with the Media Countering Terrorism in the United Kingdom Responding to Suicide Terrorists and Bombers in the United Kingdom The Prevention of Terrorism Conclusion References Chapter 3: 2008 Mumbai Terrorist Attacks Introduction Lashkar-e-Taiba (LET) and the Attacks on Mumbai The Terrorist Attacks The Locations Targeted An Analysis of the Attacks Concluding Comments The Police Response to the Terrorist Attacks The Intelligence Prior to the Attacks A Review of the Police Response to the Attacks The Complexity of the Attack An Overview of the Mumbai Police Organization The National Security Guard and Operation Black Tornado An Analysis of the Police Response to the Attacks The Command and Control of the Mumbai Police The Police Response Standard Operating Procedures Training Communications The Media Information from Social Media The Handling of Intelligence Conclusion References Chapter 4: The Threat of Terrorism in Europe Introduction Terrorism in Europe Terrorism in the United Kingdom Conclusion References Chapter 5: Paris Introduction Terrorist Attacks in Europe Before November 13, 2015 Attacks in France The Terrorist Attack The Terrorists Belgium The Deaths and Injuries Resulting from the Attacks An Analysis of the Attacks Weaponry The Police Response to the Attacks The Police in France The Police Response to the Bataclan Attack State of Emergency An Analysis of the Police Response Incident Command Crucial Decisions Weaknesses in Intelligence The Investigation into the Attacks Crisis Information Police Training Operation Sentinelle The Loi Sur le Renseignement—Law Changes for the Gathering of Intelligence Jihadists Returning Home to France The Use of Social Media During the Attacks Conclusion References Chapter 6: Brussels Introduction The Reform of the Police in 1998 The Response of the Belgian Government to the Charlie Hebdo Attacks in France The Terrorist Attacks An Analysis of the Attacks Intelligence The Reaction of the Government to the Attacks Crisis Centre The Response of the European Union The Police Response An Analysis of the Police Response Conclusion References Chapter 7: Manchester Introduction The Attack An Analysis of the Attack The Attacker Response to the Attacks An Analysis of the Response to the Attack Scenario Planning and Response Inter-agency Collaboration Strategic and Tactical Coordinating Groups Operation PLATO Communication with the Public The Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service (GMFRS) The Response to a Terrorist Attack by the United Kingdom Conclusion References Chapter 8: An Analysis of the Four Case Studies Introduction Overview of the Four Case Studies A Comparison of the Police Response to the Attacks Social Media Changes in Terrorism Conclusion References Chapter 9: Improving the Police Response Introduction Engaging with the Community Lessons Learned The Need for Plans and Goals Command and Control Communications Reducing the Availability of Firearms Identifying and Apprehending Terrorist Attackers Conclusion Appendix: Recommendations to Improve the Prevention of and Response to a Terrorist Attack References Chapter 10: Conclusion Introduction The Police Response to Terrorism Moving Forward in Responding to Terrorism Conclusion References Index