Police and International Peacekeeping Missions : Securing Peace and Post-conflict Rule of Law

This edited volume examines the experiences and the roles of the police deployed on peacekeeping and intervention missions in Afghanistan, Bougainville, Cyprus, Haiti, Kosovo, Namibia, Solomon Islands, Timor Leste, and Ukraine. Despite the extensive literature that has examined the role of the military in peacekeeping and intervention operations, little literature or information that investigates the role and the work of the police or the methods that they use to assist in the reformation of local police is available. This book provides an overview of the history and role of the police in peacekeeping missions, and discusses the principle factors of police reform and development in post-conflict nations. It includes case studies assessing the background of the conflict and the police deployments, as well as their role, contributions, and achievements. Including two in-depth surveys of police officer experiences on peacekeeping missions, this volume will be of great value to policing researchers and law enforcement leadership, police historians, and students and researchers of post-conflict development. Examines and critiques approaches to the reform of police organizations in post-conflict nations; Develops detailed case studies of the role of police in international peacekeeping missions and post-conflict assistance; Analyses two extensive surveys of the experiences of police officers deployed to peacekeeping missions Foreword Contents About the Authors Part I: Introduction to the Police in International Peacekeeping Chapter 1: Introduction to International Peacekeeping and Post-Conflict Democratic Reform Introduction Peacekeeping and Its Continual Evolution Police Reform as a Component of Peacekeeping The Increase in the Involvement of the Police in Peacekeeping and Nation Building The Problems of Civilian Police and Peacekeeping The Change in the Role of Police Peacekeeping Missions The Issue of Police-Building The Structure of This Book Conclusion References Chapter 2: Police Reform and Development Within the Context of Peacekeeping Deployments Introduction A Short History of International Peacekeeping Endeavors Reforming Police Organizations in Post-Conflict Nations The Weaknesses in Transnational Police Building and Capacity Development The Limitations in the Current Method of Providing Assistance to Post-Conflict Nations Post-Conflict Police Reform The Approach Taken to Reform Police The Problems in Implementing Police Reform The Use of the Gendarmerie in Post-Conflict Nations Conclusion References Part II: The New Zealand Police Role in Post-conflict Peacekeeping Missions Chapter 3: The Role of the New Zealand Police in International Peacekeeping and in Providing Post-Conflict Assistance Introduction Background The New Zealand Approach to International Peacekeeping New Zealand’s Decision-Making Process Rationale for Contributing Staff and Resources to International Peacekeeping Missions Constraints to Contributing to United Nations Peacekeeping Missions Challenges to Contributing to United Nations Peacekeeping Missions The New Zealand Police Problems with International Deployments The Problem of Borrowing Personnel The Problem of Funding Deployed Personnel The Beginning: Cyprus (1964–1967) Namibia (1989–1990) Conclusion References Chapter 4: The Role of the New Zealand Police in Police Reform and International Peacekeeping in Afghanistan Introduction Police Reform in Afghanistan The New Zealand Police Mission to Afghanistan Reconnaissance Mission to Afghanistan The Mission – Operation Highland Security During the First Deployment Proposed Changes to New Zealand Police Deployments September 2005, Review of New Zealand Police Deployment to Afghanistan Early Training and Other Achievements The Evolving Mission Closure of Operation Highland Assessment of the Mission References Chapter 5: New Zealand Police Peacekeeping Operations in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea Introduction Policing in Bougainville Following the Establishment of the “Truce” New Zealand Police Role in Bougainville Bougainville Community Policing Project Phases 1–3 Bougainville Community Policing Project Phase 4 Phase 4: Management and Monitoring Strategies Bougainville Community Policing Project Phase 5 Conclusion References Chapter 6: New Zealand Police Rule of Law Reform Efforts in the Solomon Islands Introduction The Conflict and Its Origin The First Steps in Resolving the Conflict The Royal Solomon Islands Police Force The Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands: Phase 1 Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands: Phase 2 Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands: Phase 3 The Participating Police Force The Strategy of the Participating Police Force The Success of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands Conclusion of the RAMSI References Chapter 7: The New Zealand Police Peacekeeping Deployment in Timor-Leste Introduction Missions to East Timor/Timor-Leste The United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET): June to October 1999 Timor-Leste (1999–2002): United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) New Zealand Police and UNTAET Timor-Leste (2002–2005): United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) Timor-Leste (May 2005–August 2006): United Nations Office in Timor-Leste (UNOTIL) Timor-Leste (2006–2012): United Nations Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) New Zealand Police: Operation TUITUIA (2006–2012) Post 2012: The New Zealand Police Timor-Leste Community Policing Program Assessment of the Missions to Timor-Leste and the New Zealand Police’s Role Conclusion References Part III: The Role of the Canadian Police in Post-conflict Peacekeeping Missions Chapter 8: Contributions of the Canadian Police in International Peacekeeping Missions Introduction United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala (MINUGUA) United Nations Transitional Authority for East-Timor (UNTAET) International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) Conclusion References Part IV: Europe Chapter 9: The Role of Police Reform in Conflict Resolution in Ukraine’s Donbas Region Introduction Conflict Resolution in Ukraine Internal Conflict Police Reform Process Pre-reform Militia Reform Focuses on Police–Public Interaction Impact of Police Reform on Conflict Resolution Territorial Community Police Officers Conclusion References Chapter 10: Enhancing Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice within Kosovo: Evaluating the Challenges in Rule of Law Reform in a Post-conflict Developing Democracy History of Kosovo The United Nations-Administered Kosovo The Ahtisaari Proposal European Union Involvement The “Russian Roadblock” The European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo The European Union Institute for Security Studies Evaluation of EULEX Rand Corporation Analysis of European Union Post-Conflict Involvement Criminality and Safety within Kosovo Organized Crime Activity within Kosovo Corruption within Kosovo Recommendations for Kosovo to Move Forward Summary and Conclusion References Part V: The Americas Chapter 11: Challenges and Lessons Learned in United Nations Mentoring of Local Police in Haiti 2009–2010 Introduction A Brief History of Haiti Enter the United Nations UNPOL Monitoring and Executive Mission UNPOL Mission Mandates MINUSTAH Mission UNPOL Mentoring Mentoring Challenges and Lessons Learned in Les Cayes Broad-Spectrum Mentoring Lack of Consistency in Doctrine Understanding Reform in the Local Cultural Context Failure to Understand Needs Assignment as the Les Cayes Deputy Regional Commander The Importance of Creating Relationships in Mentoring Make Them Want What You Want to Give Them Demonstrate Basic Tactics in the Field to Build Credibility Lack of Executive Authority Length of Mission Strategic Vision Institutional Knowledge and Relationships Conclusion References Part VI: International Police Peacekeeper Perspectives from the Field Chapter 12: Complex Acculturation – The Hidden Cultural Challenge in United Nations Police Missions Introduction Overview of United Nations Police The Modern Era of Peacekeeping UNPOL Mission Mandates Staffing of UNPOL Missions UNPOL Officer Duties Monitoring Mentoring Advisors Mission Support and Leadership Cultural Training in UNPOL Missions UNPOL Mission Effectiveness Expatriate Acculturation UNPOL Adjustment UNPOL Officers Are in Fact Expatriate Workers The Missing Link The UNPOL Experience and Complex Acculturation The UNPOL Experience – First Mission Sources of Cross-Cultural Conflict Cross-Cultural Communication in an UNPOL Mission Complex Acculturation and UNPOL Efficiency Complex Acculturation as a Construct Conclusion References Chapter 13: Community Conflict Associated with PTSD and Negative Outcomes for United Nations Police Officers Introduction Methodology Measurement of Variables The New Community to Police Conflict Scale (CPCS) PTSD Symptoms Health Concerns Alcohol Abuse Chronic Anger Job Stress Probability of Leaving Police Work The New Police Subculture Scale (PSS) Survey Results Conclusion References Chapter 14: An Analysis of the Experiences of Police Officers in Post-conflict Peacekeeping Missions: the New Zealand Police Perspectives Introduction The Survey Return Rate Characteristics of Respondents Deployment Training In Mission Training Mission Role and Performance Measures Mission Achievements Personal Achievements Conclusion References Part VII: Concluding Comments Chapter 15: The Policing of Post-Conflict Nations and Regions Introduction A Critique of Policing within Peacekeeping Missions The Police Reform Model Measuring the Success of Police Reform Evaluation of the Police Contribution to Peacekeeping References Chapter 16: Afterword: Final Thoughts About International Policing and Peacekeeping Introduction The Weaknesses and Challenges in the Approach to Peacekeeping Suggestions for Future Police Peacekeeping Deployments Conclusions References Index