Polarization in Electromagnetic Systems, Second Edition

"This completely revised and expanded edition of an Artech House classic Polarization in Electromagnetic Systems presents the principles of polarization as applied to electromagnetic systems. This book emphasizes the concepts needed for functional aspects of systems calculations and device evaluation. Readers find up-to-date coverage of applications in wireless communications. The fundamentals of polarization are explained, including the principles of wave polarization, and polarization state representations. This book explores partially polarized waves, and includes details about unpolarized waves, degree of polarization, and stokes parameters representation. The second part of this book gives insight into system applications of antenna polarization. Antenna basics, polarization principles, omnidirectional, direction, and broadband antennas are described. This book provides detailed coverage of antenna waver interactions and dual-polarized systems. Additional topics included in this resource include depolarizing media and system applications, polarization in wireless communication systems including polarization diversity and polarization measurements. This hands-on resource provides a clear description of the effect of polarization on electromagnetic systems. " Artech House Antennas and Electromagnetics Analysis Library Polarization in Electromagnetic Systems, Second Edition 2 Contents 8 Preface 16 1 Introduction 24 1.1 Polarization Basics and a Brief History of Polarization 24 1.2 Overview of the Book 27 References 31 2 Wave Polarization Principles 32 2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 Plane Waves 32 2.3 Concept and Visualization of Polarized Waves 38 2.4 Quantifying Polarization States 48 2.5 Decompostion of Waves 54 2.6 Problems 59 References 60 3 Polarization State Representations 62 3.1 Introduction 62 3.2 The Polarization Ellipse 64 3.3 The Poincaré Sphere 69 3.4 The Polarization Vector 71 3.5 Stokes Parameters 76 3.6 Polarization Ratio 80 3.6.1 Polarization Ratio for Linear Polarization 80 3.6.2 Polarization Ratio for Circular Polarization 85 3.7 Examples 87 3.8 Determination of Orthogonal Polarization States 90 3.8.1 Orthogonal State for the Polarization Ellipse Using ε, τ 92 3.8.2 Orthogonal State for the Polarization Ellipse Using γ, δ 94 3.8.3 Orthogonal States on the Poincaré Sphere 96 3.8.4 Orthogonal Polarization Vector 96 3.8.5 Stokes Parameters for an Orthogonal State 99 3.8.6 Polarization Ratio for an Orthogonal State 100 3.9 Problems 101 References 103 4 Partially Polarized Waves 104 4.1 Unpolarized Waves 104 4.2 Partially Polarized Waves and Degree of Polarization 107 4.3 Stokes Parameters Representation for Partially Polarized Waves 108 4.4 Other Representations for Partially Polarized Waves 112 4.5 Problems 114 References 114 5 Antenna Polarization 118 5.1 Antenna Basics 118 5.2 Antenna Polarization Principles 122 5.2.1 Antenna Pattern Types 123 5.2.2 Antenna Copolarization and Cross Polarization 125 5.3 Omnidirectional Antennas 130 5.3.1 Linearly Polarized Omnidirectional Antennas 130 5.3.2 Circularly Polarized Omnidirectional Antennas 133 5.4 Directional Antennas 133 5.4.1 Linearly Polarized Directional Antennas 133 5.4.2 Circularly Polarized Directional Antennas 139 5.5 Broadband Antennas 144 5.5.1 Linearly Polarized Broadband Antennas 144 5.5.2 Circularly Polarized Broadband Antennas 146 5.6 Polarization Purity of Circularly Polarized Antennas 146 5.7 Problems 149 References 149 6 Antenna-Wave Interaction 152 6.1 Polarization Efficiency 152 6.2 Calculation of Polarization Efficiency 157 6.2.1 Polarization Efficiency Evaluation Using the Poincaré Sphere 158 6.2.2 Polarization Efficiency Evaluation Using Stokes Parameters 161 6.2.3 Polarization Efficiency Evaluation Using Polarization Ellipse Quantities 161 6.2.4 Polarization Efficiency Using Axial Ratios 164 6.2.5 Polarization Efficiency Expressed Using Polarization Ratios 170 6.2.6 Polarization Efficiency Expressed Using Polarization Vectors 171 6.2.7 Decomposition of Polarization Efficiency into Unpolarized and Completely Polarized Parts 173 6.2.8 Decomposition of Polarization Efficiency into Copolarized and Cross-Polarized Parts 175 6.3 Vector Effective Length of an Antenna 176 6.4 Normalized Complex Antenna Output Voltage 182 6.5 Problems 184 References 187 7 Dual-Polarized Systems 188 7.1 Introduction to Dual-Polarized Systems 188 7.2 Cross-Polarization Ratio 191 7.3 Cross-Polarization Discrimination and Cross-Polarization Isolation 197 7.3.1 Definitions 197 7.3.2 Dual Decomposition 201 7.3.3 Calculating XPD 203 7.3.3.1 Ideal Dual Linearly Polarized Receiving Antenna 204 7.3.3.2 General Dual Polarization 205 7.3.3.3 Near-Dual Circular Polarization 207 7.4 Performance Evaluation of Dual-Polarized Systems 213 7.4.1 Isolation Degradation Caused by Imperfect Antennas 214 7.4.2 Calculation of Isolation in Systems 214 7.5 Polarization Control Devices 217 7.5.1 Polarizers 217 7.5.2 Orthomode Transducers 220 7.5.3 Polarization Grids 220 7.6 Problems 221 References 222 8 Depolarizing Media and System Applications 224 8.1 Introduction 224 8.2 Principles of Depolarizing Media 224 8.3 Depolarization at Interfaces 232 8.3.1 General Formulation of Interface Polarization Effects 232 8.3.2 Reflection from a Plane, Perfect Conductor 240 8.3.3 Reflection from the Ground 241 8.4 Dual-Polarized Communication Systems with a Depolarizing Medium in the Path 247 8.4.1 General Formulation for a Depolarizing Medium 247 8.4.2 Rain on a Radio Path 251 8.4.3 Inclusion of Antenna Effects in System Calculations 258 8.4.4 Depolarization Caused by Faraday Rotation 263 8.5 Depolarization Compensation and Adaptive Systems 266 8.6 Polarization in Radar 270 8.6.1 Radar Basics 270 8.6.2 Polarimetric Radar 272 8.6.2.1 Point Radar Targets 273 8.6.2.2 Distributed Radar Targets 277 8.7 Polariztion in Radiometry 278 8.7.1 Radiometer Basics 278 8.7.2 Radiometer Applications 280 8.8 Problems 280 References 281 9 Polarization in Wireless Communication Systems Including Polarization Diversity 286 9.1 Introduction 286 9.2 Polarization in Wireless Communications: System Principles 287 9.2.1 Overview 287 9.2.2 Single-Polarized Systems 288 9.2.3 Advantages of Using Circular Polarization 289 9.2.4 Dual-Polarized Systems 291 9.3 Diversity in Wireless Communications 291 9.3.1 Diversity Principles 291 9.3.2 Diversity Types 293 9.2.3 Diversity Combining 295 9.4 Polarization Diversity at Base Stations 295 9.5 Polarization Diversity at Terminals 297 9.6 Performance Comparison of Polarization Diversity to Other Diversity Types 298 9.6.1 Comparison of Base Station Diversity Techniques 299 9.6.2 Comparison of Terminal Diversity Techniques 302 9.7 Future Directions in Polarization Applications to Wireless 303 9.8 Chapter Summary 305 9.9 Problem 305 References 305 10 Polarization Measurements 308 10.1 Introduction to Polarization Measurements 308 10.2 Antenna Pattern Measurement Principles Including Polarization 310 10.2.1 Pattern Measurement Techniques 310 10.2.2 Copolarized and Cross-Polarized Radiation Patterns 314 10.2.3 Polarization Pattern Measurement 316 10.2.4 The Spinning Linear and Dual-Linear Pattern Methods 318 10.3 Complete Polarization State Measurement 320 10.3.1 Phase-Amplitude Method 321 10.3.2 Multiple Amplitude-Component Methods 325 10.3.3 Measurement of the Polarization of Large Antennas 328 10.4 Measurement of Partially Polarized Waves 330 10.5 Gain Measurement 333 10.5.1 Gain Measurement of Linearly Polarized Antennas 336 10.5.2 Gain Measurement of Circularly Polarized Antennas 336 10.5.3 Absolute Gain Measurement 338 10.6 Measurements on Handsets and Other Small Devices 339 10.7 Problems 341 References 343 Appendix A Frequency Bands 346 A.1 Radio Bands 346 A.2 Microwave Bands 346 Appendix B Useful Mathematical Relations 348 B.1 Unit Vector Representations 348 B.2 Trigonometric Relations 348 List of Symbols 352 About the Author 358 Index 360 Electromagnetic,systems;,Polariztion;,Antenna;,Electromagnetic,analysis;,978-1-63081-107-5;,Artech,House Electromagnetic systems,Polariztion,Antenna,Electromagnetic analysis,978-1-63081-107-5,Artech House This completely revised and expanded edition of an Artech House classic Polarization in Electromagnetic Systems presents the principles of polarization as applied to electromagnetic systems. This edition emphasizes the concepts needed for functional aspects of systems calculations and device evaluation. Readers find up-to-date coverage of applications in wireless communications. The fundamentals of polarization are explained, including the principles of wave polarization along with their mathematical representations. This book explores polarized, partially polarized waves, and unpolarized waves. The second part of the book addresses applications of polarization to practical systems. Antenna polarization is covered in detail, including omnidirectional, directional, and broadband antennas with emphasis on antennas for generating linear and circular polarization for each antenna type. This book provides detailed coverage of wave interaction with an antenna and dual-polarized systems. Additional topics covered in this edition include propagation through depolarizing media, polarization in wireless communication systems, including polarization diversity and polarization measurements. This hands-on resource provides a clear exposition on the understanding of polarization principles and evaluation of the performance of electromagnetic systems. The aim of this book is to understand polarization concepts and to provide useful tools to maximize electromagnetic system performance through the best use of polarization. It is suitable as a textbook, especially as part of radio systems-oriented course work intended to study the complete propagation channel.