Poisoning and Promotion in Catalysis based on Surface Science Concepts and Experiments : Poisoning and Promotion in Catalysis Based on Surface Science Concepts and Experiments

The topics covered in this book include a variety of adsorption and model reaction studies on clean and modified single crystal metal surfaces obtained by means of properly selected surface sensitive techniques. The accent is on the revelation of the physics and chemistry involved in the effects of various modifiers on the adsorptive and reactivity properties of the surface with respect to different reactants. In this book current information that contributes to the fundamental understanding of the effect of additives is summarized. Some of the additives act as promoters, others as poisons, in a number of important catalytic reactions. A description of single- and double-component systems has been obtained by using surface-sensitive techniques, particularly suited for this purpose. For the benefit of the reader, a short summary of the main surface science techniques has been given in Chapter 2. Three general and interrelated topics are reviewed. The first concerns the interaction of electronegative (Cl, S, Se, C, N, O, P) and electropositive (alkali metals) atoms with metal surfaces (Chapter 4). The second topic covers the chemisorptive properties of metal surfaces modified by varying amounts of additives with respect to different reactants (CO, NO, N 2 , O 2 , H 2 , CO 2 , NH 3 , H 2 O and hydrocarbons) (Chapters 5 and 6). In particular the adsorption kinetics and energetics, and the electronic, structural and reactive properties of the coadsorbate systems are considered, whereby particular attention is given to recent surface science studies with well-characterized, single crystal, metal surfaces. In these chapters, special attention is paid to showing the contribution of different factors (the nature and adsorption state of the modifier and the coadsorbed molecule, the structure of the adsorbed layer, the type of interactions in the mixed overlayers, etc.) to the modifier effects. The book will be particularly useful to scientists who are interested in adsorption phenomena, surface properties and catalysis. It should also prove invaluable to those addressing the questions of condensed matter (surfaces and interfaces), materials science (e.g. corrosion of metals) and electrochemistry. The topics covered in this book include a variety of adsorption and model reaction studies on clean and modified single crystal metal surfaces obtained by means of properly selected surface sensitive techniques. The accent is on the revelation of the physics and chemistry involved in the effects of various modifiers on the adsorptive and reactivity properties of the surface with respect to different reactants.

In this book current information that contributes to the fundamental understanding of the effect of additives is summarized. Some of the additives act as promoters, others as poisons, in a number of important catalytic reactions. A description of single- and double-component systems has been obtained by using surface-sensitive techniques, particularly suited for this purpose. For the benefit of the reader, a short summary of the main surface science techniques has been given in Chapter 2.

Three general and interrelated topics are reviewed. The first concerns the interaction of electronegative (Cl, S, Se, C, N, O, P) and electropositive (alkali metals) atoms with metal surfaces (Chapter 4). The second topic covers the chemisorptive properties of metal surfaces modified by varying amounts of additives with respect to different reactants (CO, NO, N2, O2, H2, CO2, NH3, H2O and hydrocarbons) (Chapters 5 and 6). In particular the adsorption kinetics and energetics, and the electronic, structural and reactive properties of the coadsorbate systems are considered, whereby particular attention is given to recent surface science studies with well-characterized, single crystal, metal surfaces. In these chapters, special attention is paid to showing the contribution of different factors (the nature and adsorption state of the modifier and the coadsorbed molecule, the structure of the adsorbed layer, the type of interactions in the mixed overlayers, etc.) to the modifier effects. In the discussion of the third topic, model studies of several important catalytic reactions (Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, ammonia synthesis, CO oxidation, water-gas shift synthesis) on modified metal surfaces (Chapter 8) are considered.

The book will be particularly useful to scientists who are interested in adsorption phenomena, surface properties and catalysis. It should also prove invaluable to those addressing the questions of condensed matter (surfaces and interfaces), materials science (e.g. corrosion of metals) and electrochemistry. The topics covered in this book include a variety of adsorption and model reaction studies on clean and modified single crystal metal surfaces obtained by means of properly selected surface sensitive techniques. The accent is on the revelation of the physics and chemistry involved in the effects of various modifiers on the adsorptive and reactivity properties of the surface with respect to different reactants. In this book current information that contributes to the fundamental understanding of the effect of additives is summarized. Some of the additives act as promoters, others as poisons, in a number of important catalytic reactions. A description of single- and double-component systems has been obtained by using surface-sensitive techniques, particularly suited for this purpose. For the benefit of the reader, a short summary of the main surface science techniques has been given in Chapter 2. Three general and interrelated topics are reviewed. The first concerns the interaction of electronegative (Cl, S, Se, C, N, O, P) and electropositive (alkali metals) atoms with metal surfaces (Chapter 4). The second topic covers the chemisorptive properties of metal surfaces modified by varying amounts of additives with respect to different reactants (CO, NO, N2, O2, H2, CO2, NH3, H2O and hydrocarbons) (Chapters 5 and 6). In particular the adsorption kinetics and energetics, and the electronic, structural and reactive properties of the coadsorbate systems are considered, whereby particular attention is given to recent surface science studies with well-characterized, single crystal, metal surfaces. In these chapters, special attention is paid to showing the contribution of different factors (the nature and adsorption state of the modifier and the coadsorbed molecule, the structure of the adsorbed layer, the type of interactions in the mixed overlayers, etc.) to the modifier effects. In the discussion of the third topic, model studies of several important catalytic reactions (Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, ammonia synthesis, CO oxidation, water-gas shift synthesis) on modified metal surfaces (Chapter 8) are considered. The book will be particularly useful to scientists who are interested in adsorption phenomena, surface properties and catalysis. It should also prove invaluable to those addressing the questions of condensed matter (surfaces and interfaces), materials science (e.g. corrosion of metals) and electrochemistry. Poisoning and Promotion in Catalysis Based on Surface Science Concepts And Experiments......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 PREFACE......Page 6 CONTENTS......Page 8 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION......Page 14 2.1. DYNAMICAL METHODS......Page 18 2.2. STATIC METHODS......Page 21 References......Page 26 CHAPTER 3. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH......Page 28 References......Page 31 4.1. ELECTROPOSITIVE ADDITIVES: ALKALI METALS......Page 32 4.2. ELECTRONEGATIVE ADDITIVES......Page 54 References......Page 75 5.1. CARBON MONOXIDE......Page 82 5.2. NITRIC OXIDE......Page 117 5.3. NITROGEN AND OXYGEN......Page 137 5.4. HYDROGEN......Page 141 5.5. WATER......Page 148 5.6. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS......Page 152 5.7. CONCLUSIVE REMARKS: THE POISONING EFFECT DESCRIBED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE POSSIBLE INTERACTIONS IN THE COADSORBED LAYER......Page 168 References......Page 174 6.1. CARBON MONOXIDE......Page 182 6.2. CARBON DIOXIDE......Page 221 6.3. NITRIC OXIDE......Page 228 6.4. OXYGEN......Page 240 6.5. WATER......Page 258 6.6. HYDROGEN......Page 264 6.7. NITROGEN......Page 269 6.8. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS......Page 274 6.9. AMMONIA......Page 280 6.10. ALKALI MODIFICATION EFFECTS AND FACTORS DETERMINING THE TYPE OF THE INTERACTIONS IN THE MIXED LAYERS......Page 281 References......Page 289 7.1. PROMOTING EFFECT OF ALKALI METAL ADDITIVES......Page 298 7.2. THEORETICAL MODELS FOR THE POISONING EFFECT OF THE ELECTRONEGATIVE ADDITIVES......Page 311 References......Page 319 CHAPTER 8. MODEL STUDIES OF SURFACE REACTIONS ON MODIFIED SURFACES......Page 322 8.1. METHANATION AND FISCHER—TROPSCH SYNTHESES......Page 323 8.2. CO OXIDATION: EFFECT OF ELECTRONEGATIVE ADDITIVES......Page 334 8.3. REACTION OF NO AND CO: EFFECT OF S......Page 337 8.4. WATER—GAS SHIFT REACTION......Page 339 8.5. AMMONIA SYNTHESIS: K PROMOTION EFFECT......Page 342 8.6. CHEMICAL STATE OF THE ALKALI ADDITIVES UNDER THE REACTION CONDITIONS......Page 344 8.7. CONCLUSIVE REMARKS: CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE ADSORPTIVE AND THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY AND SELECTIVITY......Page 345 References......Page 348 INDEX......Page 350 STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS......Page 354