راهنمای جیبی میکروب‌شناسی بالینی

Quick reference to clinical microbiology If you work in the clinical laboratory, this pocket guide will help you confidently identify most organisms you could encounter. This useful updated edition continues to present valuable quick-reference information to the clinical microbiology community in a small package. Along with specifics on pathogenic microorganisms, there is updated information on effectively using essential molecular diagnostic techniques for today's challenges. You will find guidance If you are looking for online access to the latest clinical microbiology content, please visit . Contents Preface About the Author Section 1: Taxonomic Classification of Medically Important Microorganisms General Comments Taxonomic Classification of Bacteria Taxonomic Classification of Human Viruses Taxonomic Classification of Fungi Taxonomic Classification of Parasites Section 2: Indigenous and Pathogenic Microbes of Humans General Comments Table 2.1. Human Indigenous Flora Microbes Responsible for Human Disease BONE AND JOINT INFECTIONS CARDIOVASCULAR INFECTIONS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS EAR INFECTIONS EYE INFECTIONS GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS GENITAL INFECTIONS GRANULOMATOUS INFECTIONS INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases: United States, 2015 Table 2.2. Arthropod Vectors of Medically Important Diseases Table 2.3. Fungal Pathogens and Geographic Distribution Table 2.4. Parasitic Pathogens and Geographic Distribution Section 3: Specimen Collection and Transport General Comments Table 3.1. Bacteriology: Collection and Transport Guidelines Table 3.2. Specimen Collection and Transport Guidelines for Infrequently Encountered Bacteria Table 3.3. Guidelines for Collection of Specimens for Anaerobic Culture Virology: General Specimen Guidelines Virology: Specific Specimen Guidelines Blood Bone marrow CSF Respiratory specimens (throat, nasopharyngeal swab, nasopharyngeal aspirate, nasal washings, and bronchoalveolar lavage [BAL]) specimens) Urine Feces Eyes Tissue Genital specimens Skin Table 3.4. Recommended Blood Volumes to Collect for Blood Cultures Table 3.5. Mycology: Collection and Transport Guidelines Table 3.6. Parasitology: Specimen Guidelines Table 3.7. Guidelines for Processing Stool Specimens for Parasites Section 4: Bacterial Diagnosis General Comments Table 4.1. Detection Methods for Bacteria Table 4.2. Recommendations for Gram Stain and Plating Media Table 4.3. Screening Specimens for Routine Bacterial Culture Table 4.4. Processing Specimens for Mycobacterial Identification Microscopy Acid-Fast Stain Acridine Orange Stain Auramine-Rhodamine Stain Direct Fluorescent-Antibody Stain Gram Stain Spore Stain Primary Plating Media: Bacteria Ashdown Medium Bacteroides Bile-Esculin (BBE) Agar Bile-Esculin (Enterococcal Selective) Agar Bismuth Sulfite Agar Blood Agar Bordet-Gengou Agar Brain Heart Infusion Agar and Broth Brilliant Green Agar Brucella Agar and Broth Buffered Charcoal-Yeast Extract (BCYE) Agar Burkholderia cepacia Selective Agar (BCSA) Campylobacter Selective Medium Cefsulodin-lrgasan-Novobiocin (CIN) Agar Chromogenic Media Chocolate Agar Chopped-Meat Broth Colistin-Nalidixic Acid (CNA) Agar Columbia Agar and Broth Cycloserine-Cefoxitin-Egg Yolk-Fructose Agar (CCFA) Cystine Tellurite Blood Agar Egg Yolk Agar Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris Medium Enterococcosel agar Eosin-Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar Fletcher Medium Gram-Negative (G N; Hajna) Broth Haemophilus Test Medium (HTM) Agar and Broth Hektoen Enteric Agar Kanamycin-Vancomycin Laked Blood (LKV) Agar LIM Broth Loffler Medium MacConkey (MAC) Agar MacConkey Agar with Sorbitol—see Sorbitol-MacConkey Agar Mannitol Salt Agar Martin-Lewis Agar McBride Listeria agar Mueller-Hinton Agar and Broth New York City Agar Oxidative-Fermentative Polymyxin B-Bacitracin-Lactose (OFPBL) Agar Phenylethyl Alcohol (PEA) Blood Agar Regan-Lowe Agar Medium Salmonella-Shigella (SS) Agar Schaedler’s Agar Selenite Broth Skirrow Brucella Medium Sorbitol-MacConkey Agar Streptococcus selective medium StrepB Carrot Broth Tetrathionate Broth, Hajna Thayer-Martin (Modified) Agar Thioglycolate Broth Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Sucrose (TCBS) Agar Tinsdale Agar Tryptic or Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) and Broth (TSB) Xylose-Lysine-Deoxycholate (XLD) Agar Primary Plating Media: Mycobacteria American Trudeau Society Medium Dubos Broth (Dubos Tween albumin broth) Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) Medium Lowenstein-Gruft Modification Lowenstein-Jensen Medium, Mycobactosel Modification Middlebrook 7H9 Broth Middlebrook 7H10 Agar Middlebrook 7H11 Agar Middlebrook 7H11 Agar, Mitchison’s Modification Middlebrook 7H13 Broth Petragnani Medium Specific Diagnostic Tests for Pathogen Detection Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci Aerobic Gram-Positive Rods Acid-Fast and Partially Acid-Fast Gram-Positive Rods Aerobic Gram-Negative Cocci Aerobic Gram-Negative Rods Anaerobic Bacteria Curved and Spiral-Shaped Bacteria Mycoplasma spp. and Obligate Intracellular Bacteria Identification Tables Table 4.5. Differential characteristics of catalase-positive Gram-positive cocci Table 4.6. Differential characteristics of most common clinically significant Staphylococcus species Table 4.7. Differential characteristics of catalase-negative Gram-positive cocci Table 4.8. Differential characteristics of beta-hemolytic streptococci Table 4.9. Differential characteristics of viridans streptococci Table 4.10. Differential characteristics of common Enterococcus species Table 4.11. Differential characteristics of Gram-positive rods Table 4.12. Differential characteristics of common Corynebacterium species Table 4.13. Differential characteristics of selected coryneform bacteria Table 4.14. Differential characteristics of selected Bacillus speciesand related spore-forming genera Table 4.15. Differential characteristics of selected actinomycetes Table 4.16. Differential characteristics of selected Nocardia species Table 4.17. Differential characteristics of select, slow-growing Mycobacterium species Table 4.18. Differential characteristics of clinically relevant, rapidly growing, Mycobacterium species Table 4.19. Differential characteristics of medically relevant Neisseria species Table 4.20. Differential characteristics of selected members of the Neisseriaceae and of the Cardiobacteriaceae Table 4.21. Differential characteristics of selected Aggregatibacter, Actinobacillus, and Pasteurella species Table 4.22. Differential characteristics of selected Capnocytophaga, Dysgonomonas, and Streptobacillus species Table 4.23. Differential characteristics of Haemophilus species Table 4.24. Differential characteristics of selected members of the Enterobacteriaceae Table 4.25. Differential characteristics of Citrobacter species Table 4.26. Differential characteristics of select Enterobacter, Pluralibacter, Cronobacter, Kosakonia, and Pantoea species Table 4.27. Differential characteristics of Klebsiella and Raoultella species Table 4.28. Differential characteristics of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella species Table 4.29. Differential characteristics of Yersinia species after incubation at 25°C for 48 h Table 4.30. Differential characteristics of Aeromonas species Table 4.31. Differential characteristics of Vibrio species Table 4.32. Differential characteristics of Pseudomonas species Table 4.33. Differential characteristics of Acidovorax, Brevundimonas, Delftia, Comamonas, and Stenotrophomonas species Table 4.34. Differential characteristics of selected Bordetella species Table 4.35. Differential characteristics of selected oxidase-negative, oxidative, Gram-negative rods Table 4.36. Differential characteristics of selected oxidase-positive, nonfermentative, Gram-negative rods Table 4.37. Differential characteristics of selected oxidase-positive, nonoxidative, Gram-negative rods Table 4.38. Differential characteristics of selected Campylobacter, Arcobacter, and Helicobacter species Table 4.39. Differential characteristics of select non-spore-forming, anaerobic, Gram-positive rods Table 4.40. Differential characteristics of selected Clostridium species Table 4.41. Differential characteristics of anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria Table 4.42. Differential characteristics of the Bacteroides fragilis group Section 5: Viral Diagnosis General Comments Table 5.1. Detection Methods for Viruses Table 5.2. Cells Used for Viral Isolation RNA Viruses DNA Viruses Table 5.3. EBV serologic profiles under different conditions Table 5.4. Hepatitis B virus markers in different stages of infection and convalescence Table 5.5. Clinical diseases of parvovirus B19 and method of diagnosis Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Section 6: Fungal Diagnosis Mycology Specimen Collection and Transport Guidelines General Guidelines Dematiaceous Fungi Dermatophytes (Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton spp.) Dimorphic Fungi (Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Paracoccidioides, and Sporothrix spp.) Eumycotic Mycetoma Agents Moniliaceous Fungi Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci Yeast Table 6.1. Methods for the Identification of Fungi Microscopy Acridine Orange Stain Calcofluor White Stain Fluorescent-Antibody Stain Giemsa Stain Gram Stain India Ink Stain (Nigrosin) Kinyoun Stain Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Toluidine Blue-0 Stain Table 6.2. Characteristic Fungal Elements Seen by Direct Examination of Clinical Specimens Primary Plating Media Birdseed Agar Brain Heart Infusion Agar (BHI) CHROMagar Candida Dermatophyte Test Medium (DTM) Inhibitory Mold Agar (IMA) Mycosel (Mycobiotic) Agar Sabouraud Agar–Brain Heart Infusion (SABHI) Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) Yeast Extract-Phosphate Agar Table 6.3. Mycology Plating Guide Specific Diagnostic Tests Abbreviation Guide Aspergillus Species Blastomyces dermatitidis Candida Species Coccidioides Species Cryptococcus Species Histoplasma capsulatum Malassezia Species Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei Pneumocystis jiroveci Sporothrix schenckii Zygomycetes Biomarkers of Invasive Fungal Infection Table 6.4. Cultural and biochemical characteristics of yeasts frequently isolated from clinical specimens Table 6.5. Characteristics of selected Trichosporon species Table 6.6. Characteristics of Aspergillus species Table 6.7. Opportunistic moniliaceous fungi Table 6.8. Zygomycetes Table 6.9. Dimorphic molds Table 6.10. Characteristics of common Trichophyton species Table 6.11. Epidermophyton floccosum and common Microsporum species Table 6.12. Dematiaceous fungi with macroconidia or other structures Table 6.13. Dematiaceous fungi with small conidia Table 6.14. Differentiation of Cladosporium and Cladophialophora species Table 6.15. Scedosporium and Dactylaria species Section 7: Parasitic Diagnosis General Comments Table 7.1. Detection Methods for Parasites Microscopy Acid-Fast Trichrome Chromotrope Stain Calcofluor White Stain Delafield’s Hematoxylin Stain Direct Fluorescent-Antibody Stain Giemsa Stain Iron Hematoxylin Stain Lugol’s Iodine Stain Modified Acid-Fast Stain Modified Acid-Fast Stains (Weber Green, Ryan Blue) Trichrome Stain Wright’s Stain Specific Diagnostic Tests Free-Living Amebae Intestinal and Urogenital Protozoa Blood and Tissue Protozoa Microsporidia Helminths: Nematodes Helminths: Trematodes Helminths: Cestodes Identification Tables and Figures Table 7.2. Trophozoites of Common Intestinal Amebae Table 7.3. Cysts of Common Intestinal Amebae Figure 7.1. Intestinal Amebae of Humans Table 7.4. Trophozoites of Flagellates Table 7.5. Cysts of Flagellates Figure 7.2. Intestinal and Urogenital Flagellates of Humans Table 7.6. Morphological Characteristics of Ciliates, Coccidia, Microsporidia, and Tissue Protozoa Table 7.7. Morphological Characteristics of Protozoa Found in Blood Table 7.8. Morphological Characteristics of Blood and Tissue Nematodes Table 7.9. Morphological Characteristics of Helminths Figure 7.3. Relative Sizes of Helminth Eggs Section 8: Vaccines, Susceptibility Testing, and Methods of Organism Identification General Comments Table 8.1. Recommended pediatric immunization schedule Table 8.2. Recommended adult immunization schedule Table 8.3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) documents related to antimicrobial susceptibility testing from humans Table 8.4. Summary of CLSI antimicrobial susceptibility test methods for select bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungai Table 8.5. Routes of administration and drug class for select antimicrobial agents Table 8.6. Routes of administration and drug class for select antifungal agents Table 8.7. Routes of administration and drug class for select antiparasitic agents Table 8.8. Antibacterial agents for specificbacteria Table 8.9. Intrinsic resistance of selected Gram-negative bacteria Table 8.10. Intrinsic resistance of selected Gram positive bacteria Table 8.11. Important mechanisms of multidrug resistance in bacteria. Table 8.12. Organisms included in CLSI and EUCAST breakpoint tables Table 8.13. Guide to interpretive criteria for select organisms for commonly tested antimicrobials Table 8.14. Summary of MALDI-TOF MS identification of bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi Table 8.15. Gene sequencing targets for organism identification Index "With fast facts and packed with tables, this useful updated edition continues to present valuable quick-reference information to the clinical microbiology community in a small package. Along with specifics on pathogenic microorganisms, there is updated information on essential diagnostic techniques--MALDI-TOF MS and sequencing--and a greatly expanded section on susceptibility testing."--Provided by publisher With fast facts and packed with tables, this useful updated edition continues to present valuable quick-reference information to the clinical microbiology community in a small package. Along with specifics on pathogenic microorganisms, there is updated information on essential diagnostic techniques - MALDI-TOF MS and sequencing - and a greatly expanded section on susceptibility testing