فناوری لوله‌کشی

This book is a comprehensive reference tool that approaches plumbing from a practical standpoint. It offers detailed, “hands-on” methods for the design and maintenance of modern plumbing systems. Everything from the securing of permits, to the installation of piping and fixtures is included in this complete and valuable guide. The book will provide readers with a thorough analysis of the various aspects of a plumbing system. This unique handbook also offers detailed examples of the practical information needed for the installation and maintenance of both residential and commercial plumbing systems. When finished reading this book, readers will be able to size a system correctly, prepare estimates, evaluate the cost of plumbing systems, prepare detailed specifications, supervise the installation of a plumbing system, and develop thorough maintenance instructions. In addition, this book thoroughly discusses codes and standards, energy conservation, vent and drainage systems, and private sewage treatment systems. This is an essential book for those interested in designing and maintaining plumbing systems that are both reliable and efficient. Front Matter 1 Table of Contents 3 1. History of Plumbing 5 1.1 History 6 1.2 Plumbing in the United States 8 1.2.1 Toilets 10 2. Codes and Standards 12 2.1 Codes 12 2.1.1 Special Considerations 14 2.1.2 Massachusetts State Code 15 2.1.3 Updating Codes 18 2.2 Bidding 19 3. The Properties of Water and Hydraulics 21 3.1 Potable Water 21 3.2 Water Supply 22 3.2.1 Amount Needed 25 3.2.2 Accessibility 25 3.2.3 Water Quality/Quantity 25 3.3 Properties of Water 27 3.3.1 Density 28 3.3.2 Viscosity 28 3.3.3 Compressibility 29 3.3.4 Boiling/Freezing Points 29 3.3.5 Water Flow 29 3.4 Hydraulics 33 3.4.1 Table Verification 41 3.4.2 Alternative Solution 44 3.5 Pump Selection 45 3.6 Measurements 51 Notes 51 4. Project Bidding - Permits 52 4.1 Preparing an Estimate 53 4.2 Shop Drawings 54 4.3 Requirements for Permit 55 Notes 56 5. Plumbing Fixtures 57 5.1 Water Closets 58 5.1.1 Siphon Jet 61 5.1.2 Reverse Trap 63 5.1.3 Wash Down 63 5.1.4 Blowout 64 5.2 Urinals 64 5.3 Lavatories 66 5.4 Sinks 66 5.5 Drinking Fountains 67 5.6 Showers 67 5.7 Bathtubs 68 5.8 Bidets 69 5.9 Floor Drains 70 5.10 Emergency Showers and Eye Baths 70 5.11 Backflow-Prevention Devices 70 5.12 Water-Hammer Arrester 71 5.13 Fixture Trims 72 5.14 Advanced Plumbing Fixtures 72 5.14.1 Computer-Chip Toilets 72 5.14.2 Infrared-Controlled Water Supply 73 5.14.3 Ultra Valves 73 5.14.4 Electric, Waterless Toilets 73 5.14.5 Electronically Operated Faucets 74 5.14.6 Vacuum Drainage System 74 5.15 Fixtures for the Physically Challenged 75 6. Energy Conservation 77 6.1 Water Heaters 78 6.2 Fixtures 79 7. Water Supply and Demand 81 7.1 Water Meters 81 7.2 Water Storage and Pressure 83 7.3 Piping 85 7.3.1 Pipe Selection 88 7.3.2 Pipe Materials 90 7.3.3 Pipe Installations 94 7.3.4 Piping Supports 98 7.4 Valves 99 7.5 Estimated Water Demand 100 7.6 Summary 116 Notes 117 8. Hot-Water Supply 118 8.1 System Components 118 8.1.1 Piping 118 8.1.2 Water Heaters 120 8.1.3 Pumps 125 8.1.4 Distribution Systems 127 8.2 Sizing Calculations 132 8.2.1 Sizing Water Heaters 133 8.3 Fuel Gas for Water Heaters 143 8.3.1 Gas System Design 146 Notes 150 9. Drainage System 151 9.1 System Components 152 9.1.1 Traps 152 9.1.2 Sumps and Ejectors 157 9.1.3 Sanitary Drainage Pipes 161 9.1.4 Formulas 163 9.1.5 Waste-Water Fixture Units 165 9.1.6 Cleanouts 172 9.1.7 Drainage Connections 173 Notes 175 10. Vent System 176 10.1 Vent Stacks 176 10.2 Vent Sizing 177 10.3 Glossary 179 11. Private Sewage-Treatment Systems 184 11.1 Leaching Area 185 11.2 Maintenance 187 12. Inspection and Maintenance 189 12.1 Inspection 189 12.2 Maintenance 190 12.2.1 Inspecting 190 12.2.2 Testing 191 12.2.3 Cleaning 191 12.2.4 Preventive Maintenance 191 12.2.5 Repair and Replacement 192 12.2.6 Other Maintenance 194 12.2.7 Maintenance Frequency 195 13. Storm Drainage 196 13.1 Rainfall 196 13.2 Roof Drainage 197 13.2.1 Design 197 13.2.2 Roof Drains 200 13.3 Yard Drainage 203 13.3.1 Design 203 Notes 205 Appendices 206 Appendix A: Symbols and Abbreviations 206 References 215 Index 216 A 216 B 223 C 230 D 242 E 249 F 254 G 262 H 265 I 271 J 273 K 274 L 275 M 278 N 282 O 284 P 286 Q 296 R 297 S 302 T 314 U 318 V 319 W 323 Y 330 Content: Front Matter • Table of Contents 1. History of Plumbing 2. Codes and Standards 3. The Properties of Water and Hydraulics 4. Project Bidding - Permits 5. Plumbing Fixtures 6. Energy Conservation 7. Water Supply and Demand 8. Hot-Water Supply 9. Drainage System 10. Vent System 11. Private Sewage-Treatment Systems 12. Inspection and Maintenance 13. Storm Drainage Appendices • References Index