Plant Systematics, Second Edition

__Plant Systematics__ has made a substantial contribution to plant systematics courses at the upper-undergraduate and first year graduate level. This second edition continues to provide the basis for teaching an introduction to the morphology, evolution, and classification of land plants. A foundation of the approach, methods, research goals, evidence, and terminology of plant systematics are presented along with the most recent knowledge of evolutionary relationships of plants and practical information vital to the field. In this second edition, the author includes greatly expanded treatments of families of lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants (all with full-color plates), a new chapter on species concepts and the role of systematics in conservation biology, and a new appendix summarizing basic statistical and morphometric techniques used in plant systematics studies. An explanation of maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference algorithms is included in methods of phylogenetic inference, and chapters on morphology and plant nomenclature have been augmented with new material. The second edition of Plant Systematics has been expanded to include: \* Fifteen fern families, 9 gymnosperm families, and an increase of angiosperm family treatments from 100 to 129. Each family description includes a plate of full color photographs, illustrating exemplars of the group along with dissected and labeled material to show diagnostic features. \* A new chapter on species concepts and the role and impact of plant systematics in conservation biology. \* A new appendix on statistical and morphometric techniques in plant systematics. \* In addition, the second edition contains more detailed explanations of maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogeny inference methods, an expanded coverage and glossary of morphological terms, and an updated chapter on botanical nomenclature. Plant Systematics, Second Edition (2010) 3-16. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374380-0.50001-4 Cover 1 Plant Systematics 2 Copyright Page 5 Dedication 6 Preface 10 Acknowledgments 12 Unit I Systematics 16 Chapter 1 Plant Systematics: An Overview 16 Plants 16 Systematics 20 Review Questions 28 Exercises 29 References For Further Study 29 Chapter 2 Phylogenetic Systematics 30 Overview and Goals 30 Taxon Selection 32 Character Analysis 32 Cladogram Construction 37 Cladogram Analysis 53 Review Questions 61 Exercises 63 References for Further Study 64 Cladistic Computer Programs 65 Web Site 65 Unit II Evolution and Diversity of Plants 68 Chapter 3 Evolution and Diversity of Green and Land Plants 68 The Green Plants 68 Embryophyta – Land Plants 72 Diversity of Nonvascular Land Plants 75 Review Questions 84 Exercises 85 References for Further Study 85 Chapter 4 Evolution and Diversity of Vascular Plants 86 Vascular Plant Apomorphies 86 Vascular Plant Diversity 94 Review Questions 136 Exercises 138 References for Further Study 138 Web Site 141 Chapter 5 Evolution and Diversity of Woody and Seed Plants 142 Lignophytes—Woody Plants 142 Spermatophytes—Seed Plants 144 Diversity of Woody and Seed Plants 152 Review Questions 173 Exercises 173 References for Further Study 174 Web Sites 175 Chapter 6 Evolution of Flowering Plants 176 Angiosperm Apomorphies 176 Origin of Angiosperms 189 Review Questions 192 Exercises 192 References for Further Study 193 Chapter 7 Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants: Amborellales, Nymphaeales, Austrobaileyales, Magnoliids, Ceratophyllales, and Monocots 194 Introduction 195 Major Angiosperm Clades 195 Family Descriptions 197 Amborellales 198 Nymphaeales 200 Austrobaileyales 200 Magnoliids 202 Laurales 203 Magnoliales 205 Piperales 205 Ceratophyllales 210 Monocotyledons 213 Acorales 216 Alismatales 218 Petrosaviales 223 Dioscoreales 223 Pandanales 223 Liliales 226 Asparagales 226 Commelinids 243 Dasypogonaceae 244 Arecales 244 Commelinales, Zingiberales, and Poales 245 Commelinales 245 Zingiberales 254 Poales 262 Review Questions 278 Exercises 279 References for Further Study 279 Web Sites 287 Chapter 8 Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants: Eudicots 288 Eudicots 289 Ranunculales 291 Proteales 294 Core Eudicots 298 Gunnerales 298 Saxifragales 300 Vitales 304 Dilleniales 307 Santalales 307 Caryophyllales 308 Rosids 325 Fabids 325 Zygophyllales 325 Celastrales 328 Malpighiales 328 Oxalidales 339 Fabales 341 Rosales 344 Cucurbitales 352 Fagales 357 Malvids 360 Crossosomatles 360 Geraniales 360 Myrtales 362 Brassicales 370 Malvales 375 Sapindales 379 Asterids 385 Cornales 385 Ericales 387 Lamiids 402 Garryales 402 Boraginales 402 Gentianales 407 Lamiales 413 Solanales 425 Campanulids 429 Aquifoliales 429 Apiales 432 Dipsacales 437 Asterales 439 Review Questions 449 Exercises 453 References for Further Study 453 Web Sites 461 Unit III Systematic Evidence and Descriptive Terminology 464 Chapter 9 Plant Morphology 464 Plant Structure 465 General Terminology 507 Review Questions 521 Exercises 525 References for Further Study 525 Web Sites 526 Chapter 10 Plant Anatomy and Physiology 528 Plant Cell Structure 528 Plant Growth 530 Plant Tissues and Specialized Cell Types 531 Root Structure and Function 536 Shoot and Stem Structure and Function 538 Secondary Growth 540 Leaf Structure and Function 545 Photosynthesis 548 Anotomy and Systematics 552 Plant Anatomy Technique 552 Review Questions 554 Exercises 556 References for Further Study 556 Chapter 11 Plant Embryology 558 Anther and Pollen Development 558 Ovule Development 560 Seed Development 568 Embryology and Systematics 571 Embryological Technique 571 Review Questions 572 Exercises 572 References for Further Study 573 Chapter 12 Palynology 574 Introduction 574 Palynological Terminology 574 Palynology and Systematics 583 Palynological Technique 583 Review Questions 583 Exercises 584 References for Further Study 584 Chapter 13 Plant Reproductive Biology 586 Sexual Reproduction 586 Asexual Reproduction 593 Hybridization, Introgression, and Polyploidy 593 Testing for Breeding Mechanism 595 Review Questions 596 Exercises 597 References for Further Study 597 Chapter 14 Plant Molecular Systematics 598 Acquisition of Molecular Data 598 DNA Sequence Data 598 Restriction Site Analysis (RFLPs) 605 Allozymes 606 Microsatellite DNA 606 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) 609 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLPs) 609 Review Questions 613 Exercises 613 References for Further Study 614 Unit IV Resources in Plant Systematics 618 Chapter 15 Plant Identification 618 Methods of Plant Identification 618 Practical Identification 621 Review Questions 622 Exercises 622 References for Further Study 622 Web Sites 623 Chapter 16 Plant Nomenclature 624 Principles of Nomenclature 625 Botanical Names 633 Pronunciation of Names 634 Review Questions 637 Exercises 638 References for Further Study 638 Web Sites 639 Chapter 17 Plant Collecting and Documentation 640 Introduction 640 Methods of Collecting Plants 640 Review Questions 647 Exercises 648 References for Further Study 648 Chapter 18 Herbaria and Data Information Systems 650 Herbarium Specimens 650 Herbarium Operations 654 Data Information Systems 657 Floras and Monographs 658 Review Questions 658 Exercises 658 References for Further Study 659 Web Sites 659 Unit V Species Concepts and Conservation Biology 662 Chapter 19 Species and Conservation in Plant Systematics 662 Introduction 662 Reproduction, Lineages, and Clades 663 Species Concepts 668 Systematics and Conservation Biology 675 Review Questions 679 Exercises 680 References for Further Study 680 Web Sites 681 Appendix 1 Plant Description 682 Appendix 2 Botanical Illustrations 688 Appendix 3 Scientific Journals in Plant Systematics 692 Exercises 693 Appendix 4 Statistics and Morphometrics in Plant Systematics 694 Review Questions 702 Exercises 702 References for Further Study 702 Glossary of Terms 704 Index 738 Plant Family Listing 754 Plant Systematics, Second Edition, provides the basis for teaching an introduction to the morphology, evolution, and classification of land plants.It presents a foundation of the approach, methods, research goals, evidence, and terminology of plant systematics, along with the most recent knowledge of evolutionary relationships of plants and practical information vital to the field. This updated edition has been expanded to include 15 fern families, 9 gymnosperm families, and increased angiosperm family treatments from 100 to 129. Each family description includes a plate of full color photographs, illustrating exemplars of the group along with dissected and labeled material to show diagnostic features.The book includes a new chapter on species concepts and the role and impact of plant systematics in conservation biology, and a new appendix on statistical and morphometric techniques in plant systematics. It also contains more detailed explanations of maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogeny inference methods, an expanded coverage and glossary of morphological terms, and an updated chapter on botanical nomenclature.This book is recommended for graduate and undergraduate students in botany, plant taxonomy, plant systematics, plant pathology, plant anatomy, and ecology as well as scientists and researchers in any of the plant sciences. Fifteen fern families, 9 gymnosperm families, and an increase of angiosperm family treatments from 100 to 129. Each family description includes a plate of full color photographs, illustrating exemplars of the group along with dissected and labeled material to show diagnostic features A new chapter on species concepts and the role and impact of plant systematics in conservation biology A new appendix on statistical and morphometric techniques in plant systematics In addition, the second edition contains more detailed explanations of maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogeny inference methods, an expanded coverage and glossary of morphological terms, and an updated chapter on botanical nomenclature Plant Systematics has made a substantial contribution to plant systematics courses at the upper-undergraduate and first year graduate level. This second edition continues to provide the basis for teaching an introduction to the morphology, evolution, and classification of land plants. A foundation of the approach, methods, research goals, evidence, and terminology of plant systematics are presented along with the most recent knowledge of evolutionary relationships of plants and practical information vital to the field.

In this second edition, the author includes greatly expanded treatments of families of lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants (all with full-color plates), a new chapter on species concepts and the role of systematics in conservation biology, and a new appendix summarizing basic statistical and morphometric techniques used in plant systematics studies. An explanation of maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference algorithms is included in methods of phylogenetic inference, and chapters on morphology and plant nomenclature have been augmented with new material.

The second edition of Plant Systematics has been expanded to include:

* Fifteen fern families, 9 gymnosperm families, and an increase of angiosperm family treatments from 100 to 129. Each family description includes a plate of full color photographs, illustrating exemplars of the group along with dissected and labeled material to show diagnostic features.

* A new chapter on species concepts and the role and impact of plant systematics in conservation biology.

* A new appendix on statistical and morphometric techniques in plant systematics.

* In addition, the second edition contains more detailed explanations of maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogeny inference methods, an expanded coverage and glossary of morphological terms, and an updated chapter on botanical nomenclature.

"Plant Systematics, Second Edition, provides the basis for teaching an introduction to the morphology, evolution, and classification of land plants. It presents a foundation of the approach, methods, research goals, evidence, and terminology of plant systematics, along with the most recent knowledge of evolutionary relationships of plants and practical information vital to the field. This updated edition has been expanded to include 15 fern families, 9 gymnosperm families, and increased angiosperm family treatments from 100 to 129. Each family description includes a plate of full color photographs, illustrating exemplars of the group along with dissected and labeled material to show diagnostic features. The book includes a new chapter on species concepts and the role and impact of plant systematics in conservation biology, and a new appendix on statistical and morphometric techniques in plant systematics. It also contains more detailed explanations of maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogeny inference methods, an expanded coverage and glossary of morphological terms, and an updated chapter on botanical nomenclature. This book is recommended for graduate and undergraduate students in botany, plant taxonomy, plant systematics, plant pathology, plant anatomy, and ecology as well as scientists and researchers in any of the plant sciences."--Publisher's description "Plant Systematics, Second Edition, provides the basis for teaching an introduction to the morphology, evolution, and classification of land plants. It presents a foundation of the approach, methods, research goals, evidence, and terminology of plant systematics, along with the most recent knowledge of evolutionary relationships of plants and practical information vital to the field. This updated edition has been expanded to include 15 fern families, 9 gymnosperm families, and increased angiosperm family treatments from 100 to 129. Each family description includes a plate of full color photographs, illustrating exemplars of the group along with dissected and labeled material to show diagnostic features. The book includes a new chapter on species concepts and the role and impact of plant systematics in conservation biology, and a new appendix on statistical and morphometric techniques in plant systematics. It also contains more detailed explanations of maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogeny inference methods, an expanded coverage and glossary of morphological terms, and an updated chapter on botanical nomenclature. This book is recommended for graduate and undergraduate students in botany, plant taxonomy, plant systematics, plant pathology, plant anatomy, and ecology as well as scientists and researchers in any of the plant sciences."-- Résumé de l'éditeur