Plant Responses to Nanomaterials: Recent Interventions, and Physiological and Biochemical Responses (Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences)

The Population Of The World Continues To Increase At An Alarming Rate. The Trouble Linked With Overpopulation Ranges From Food And Water Scarcity To Inadequacy Of Space For Organisms. Overpopulation Is Also Linked With Several Other Demographic Hazards, For Instance, Population Blooming Will Not Only Result In Exhaustion Of Natural Repositories, But It Will Also Induce Intense Pressure On The World Economy. Today Nanotechnology Is Often Discussed As A Key Discipline Of Research But It Has Positive And Negative Aspects. Also, Due To Industrialization And Ever-increasing Population, Nano-pollution Has Been An Emerging Topic Among Scientists For Investigation And Debate. Nanotechnology Measures Any Substance On A Macromolecular Scale, Molecular Scale, And Even Atomic Scale. More Importantly, Nanotechnology Deals With The Manipulation And Control Of Any Matter At The Dimension Of A Single Nanometer. Nanotechnology And Nanoparticles (nps) Play Important Roles In Sustainable Development And Environmental Challenges As Well. Nps Possess Both Harmful And Beneficial Effects On The Environment And Its Harboring Components, Such As Microbes, Plants, And Humans. There Are Many Beneficial Impacts Exerted By Nanoparticles, However, Including Their Role In The Management Of Waste Water And Soil Treatment, Cosmetics, Food Packaging, Agriculture, Biomedicines, Pharmaceuticals, Renewable Energies, And Environmental Remedies. Conversely, Nps Also Show Some Toxic Effects On Microbes, Plants, As Well As Human Beings. It Has Been Reported That Use Of Nanotechnological Products Leads To The More Accumulation Of Nps In Soil And Aquatic Ecosystems, Which May Be Detrimental For Living Organisms. Further, Toxic Effects Of Nps On Microbes, Invertebrates, And Aquatic Organisms Including Algae, Has Been Measured. Scientists Have Also Reported On The Negative Impact Of Nps On Plants By Discussing The Delivery Of Nps In Plants. Additionally, Scientists Have Also Showed That Nps Interact With Plant Cells, Which Results In Alterations In Growth, Biological Function, Gene Expression, And Development. Thus, There Has Been Much Investigated And Reported On Nps And Plant Interactions In The Last Decade. This Book Discusses The Most Recent Work On Nps And Plant Interaction, Which Should Be Useful For Scientists Working In Nanotechnology Across A Wide Variety Of Disciplines. Preface Contents About the Editors Applications of Nanomaterials to Enhance Plant Health and Agricultural Production 1 Introduction 2 Nanoparticles: General Properties and Functions 2.1 Silver Nanoparticles 2.2 Zinc Nanoparticles 2.3 Silicon Nanoparticles 2.4 Carbon Nanotubes 2.5 Quantum Dots 3 Nanoparticles as an Agent In 3.1 Plant Protection 3.2 Plant Growth Augmentation 4 Nanotechnology and Agricultural Development 4.1 Nanofertilizers 4.2 Nanopesticides 4.3 Nanocomposites 5 Future Perspectives of Nanotechnology in the Field of Agriculture 6 Conclusions References Nanoparticles and Their Impacts on Seed Germination 1 Introduction 2 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles 2.1 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 2.2 Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube 2.3 Graphene 3 Metal-Based Nanoparticles 3.1 Copper-Based Nanoparticles 3.2 Silver Nanoparticles 3.3 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles 3.4 Silicon Oxide Nanoparticles 3.5 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 4 Conclusions and Future Perspective References Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Impact on Plants 1 Introduction 2 Synthesis 2.1 Biological, Chemical, and Physical Approaches 2.2 Green Synthesis 2.2.1 Biosynthesis of nZnO Using Plant Extract 2.2.2 Biosynthesis of nZnO Using Microbes and Other Green Sources 3 Soil Microbiome 4 Uptake and Translocation 5 Plant Responses to nZnO 5.1 Seed Germination, Biomass, and Plant Early Growth 5.2 Anatomical and Morphological Changes 5.3 Antioxidant System 5.4 Photosynthesis 5.5 Phytohormones 5.6 Nutritional Status 5.7 Molecular Basis Responses 5.8 Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, and Cell Cycle 5.9 Secondary Metabolism 5.10 Toxicity Mechanisms 6 The nZnO-Mediated Protection Against Stress Condition 7 In Vitro Application 8 Knowledge Gaps, Exploitation, and Future Perspective References Physiology of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Plants 1 Introduction 2 The Uptake and Transport of ZnO NPs in Higher Plants 3 ZnO NPs and Oxidative Stress 4 ZnO NPs Influence Nutrient Homeostasis and Photosynthetic Efficiency 5 ZnO NPs and Plant Development 5.1 ZnO NPs Affect Seed Germination and Vegetative Growth 5.2 ZnO NP Affects Reproductive Processes 6 Stress Alleviation by ZnO NPs 7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Effect of TiO2 as Plant Growth-Stimulating Nanomaterial on Crop Production 1 Introduction 2 TiO2 Nanoparticles’ Characterization and Biological Properties 3 Behaviour of Nanoparticles in Culture Media and Soils 3.1 Behaviour of Nanoparticles in Growth Media 3.2 Behaviour of Nanoparticles in Soils and Specific Aspects of Field Experiments 4 The Impacts of Nanoparticle Amendments on Crop Development and Yield 4.1 The Plant Uptake of Nanoparticles Applied to the Roots (Hydroponically) or Leaves (Foliarly) 4.2 The Effect of Nanoparticles on Plants with Regard to Morphological, Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics 5 Conclusions and Future Perspective References Metal-Based Nanoparticles’ Interactions with Plants 1 Introduction 2 Classification of Nanoparticles 3 Metal-Based Nanoparticles 4 Plant Responses to Metal-Based Nanoparticles 5 Mechanisms of Metals and Metal Nanoparticles Uptake by Plants 6 The Toxicity of MNPs in Plant 6.1 Quantum Dots 7 Procedure Standardization 8 Phytonanotechnology in Agriculture 9 Conclusions and Future Perspective References Impacts of Carbon Nanotubes on Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants 1 Introduction 2 Uniqueness of Carbon and Its Allotropes 3 Types of Carbon Nanostructures 3.1 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) 3.2 Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) 3.3 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes 4 Role of CNT in Living Systems 5 Effect of CNT in Plants 5.1 Brassicaceae 5.2 Poaceae 5.3 Fabaceae 5.4 Solonaceae 5.5 Miscellaneous 6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Silver Nanoparticles and Their Morpho-Physiological Responses on Plants 1 Introduction 2 Sources of Silver Nanoparticles 2.1 Natural Sources 2.2 Anthropogenic Sources 2.3 Metal Dust 3 Syntheses of Silver Nanoparticles 3.1 Physical Methods 3.2 Chemical Methods 3.3 Biological Methods 4 Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles 4.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 4.2 X-Ray Diffraction 4.3 Dynamic Light Scattering 4.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 4.5 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 4.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy 4.7 Transmission Electron Microscopy 4.8 Atomic Force Microscopy 5 Factors Affecting Production of Silver Nanoparticles 5.1 pH of the Solution 5.2 Temperature 5.3 Reaction Time 5.4 Plant Extract/Biomass Dosage 6 Properties of Silver Nanoparticles 7 Transportation of Silver Nanoparticles in Plants 7.1 Uptake 7.2 Translocation 7.3 Accumulation 8 Anatomical and Morpho-Physiological Impacts of Silver Nanoparticles on Plants 8.1 Growth and Productivity 8.1.1 Seed Germination 8.1.2 Root Elongation 8.1.3 Plant Height 8.1.4 Biomass 8.1.5 Cell Division, Elongation, and Expansion 8.2 Membrane Integrity 8.2.1 Cellular Membrane Damage 8.2.2 Release of Electrolytes 8.3 Photosynthetic System 8.3.1 Chlorophyll Synthesis 8.3.2 Chloroplast Membrane 8.3.3 Stomatal Conductance 8.4 ATP Synthesis and Energy Flow 8.5 Nutrient and Water Uptake 9 Genotoxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles 10 Tolerance Mechanisms of Plants Against Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles 11 Silver Nanoparticle as Ameliorative Molecule Against Other Toxicity 12 Conclusions and Future Prospects References Nanoparticles: Sources and Toxicity 1 Introduction 2 Categories of Nanoparticles 2.1 Developmental History of Nanoparticles 2.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 2.3 Sources of Nanoparticles 3 Occurrence of Nanoparticles in Different Organisms 3.1 Nanoparticles in Plants 3.2 Nanoparticles in Animals and Birds 3.3 Nanoparticles in Insects 3.4 Nanoparticles in Human Body 4 Nanotoxicity: Toxicology of Nanoparticles 5 Regulation of Nanoparticles 6 Conclusion References Impact of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) on Plant Systems 1 Introduction 2 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles 3 Uptake, Accumulation, and Translocation of Silver Nanoparticles in Plants 4 AgNPs Phytotoxicity in Plants 4.1 Morphological Effects 4.2 Physiological Effects 4.3 Effects at Cellular and Genetic Level 5 Oxidative Stress by AgNPs 6 Tolerance Mechanisms 7 Conclusion References Impact of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles on the Morpho-physiological and Biochemical Response in Plants 1 Introduction 2 Synthesis of Cobalt Oxide (CoO) Nanoparticles 2.1 Precipitation Method 2.2 Sol-Gel Method 2.3 Solvothermal Method 2.4 Thermal Decomposition Method 2.5 Chemical Reduction Method 2.6 Green Synthesis Method 2.7 Hydrothermal Method 3 Uptake, Translocation, and Toxicity Mechanism of Cobalt Oxide (CoO) Nanoparticles in Plants 3.1 Effects of CoO Nanoparticles on Plants 3.2 Morphological Effects 3.3 Physiological Effects (Elaborate with Examples). 3.4 Various Physiological Processes Depend Upon the Concentration of CO3O4NPs 3.5 Protective Mechanism After Damage by CO3O4NPs 3.6 Biochemical Effects 4 Conclusion References Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress in Plant 1 Introduction 2 Origin of Nanoparticles 3 Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress and Plant Phytotoxicity 3.1 Nanoparticle in Plants 3.1.1 Silver Nanoparticle in Plants 3.1.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 3.1.3 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO NPs) 3.1.4 Cerium Oxide NPs 3.1.5 Gold Nanoparticles 3.1.6 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles 3.1.7 Oxidative Burst and Its Consequence in Plants 3.1.8 Nanoparticle-Induced Phytotoxicity (Morphological, Physiological, Cellular, and Molecular Damage Caused by Nanoparticle) 3.1.9 Molecular Damage 4 Possible Mechanism Involved in Induction of Oxidative Stress in Plants by Nanoparticle 4.1 Uptake of Nanoparticles 4.2 Nanoparticles and Plant Interaction Pathways 5 Conclusion References Variability, Behaviour and Impact of Nanoparticles in the Environment 1 Introduction 2 Sources, Classification and Properties of Nanoparticles 2.1 Sources of Nanoparticles 2.2 Classification of Nanoparticles 2.3 Properties of Nanoparticles 3 Behaviour and Variability of Nanoparticles in Air, Water and Soil 4 Impact of Nanoparticles in the Environment 4.1 Impact of Nanoparticles in Aquatic Environments 4.2 Impact of Nanoparticle on Soil 4.3 Impacts of Nanoparticles in Air 5 Conclusion: Future Prospective References Correction to: Effect of TiO2 as Plant Growth-Stimulating Nanomaterial on Crop Production Index