Plant-Pest Interactions: From Molecular Mechanisms to Chemical Ecology : Chemical Ecology

As food producers, plants are constantly under attack by insects. Over the course of evolution, plants have not only developed a sophisticated defense apparatus but have also refined biochemical defense mechanisms to protect themselves, thereby maintaining the ecological balance. Plant-pest interactions induce an elaborate array of reactions involving the release of volatile compounds, effector and signaling molecules, trans-membrane proteins, and a variety of enzymes and hormones. This book offers a comprehensive guide to the strategies that plants employ against insects and other pests to ensure their continued survival. Addressing an important gap in the literature, it shares the latest findings in the field of plant–pest interactions for a broad audience. Providing an overview of the current state of knowledge on plant-pest interactions and their role in the genetic improvement of crops, it offers an essential guide for researchers and professionals in the fields of agriculture, plant pathology, entomology, cell biology, molecular biology and genetics. Foreword Preface Contents Editors and Contributors About the Editors Contributors Abbreviations Role of Herbivore-Associated Molecular Patterns (HAMPs) in Modulating Plant Defenses 1 Introduction 2 Herbivore Behavior and Feeding Styles 3 Plant Immune System and Defense Mechanisms 4 Elicitors: Molecules that Elicit Plant Defense Against Predators 5 HAMPs: Herbivore-Associated Molecular Patterns 5.1 Fatty Acid-Amino Acid Conjugates (FACs) 5.2 Caeliferins 5.3 Inceptins 5.4 Bruchins 5.5 Enzymes 6 Functional Genomics Approach for Identification of HAMPs 6.1 Transcriptomics 6.2 Proteomics 6.3 Metabolomics 6.4 Other Functional Genomics Techniques 7 Conclusion and Future Outlook References Transcriptomics Studies Revealing Enigma of Insect-Plant Interaction 1 Introduction 2 Transcriptomics: A Miraculous Prop 3 Transcriptomics Deciphering Plant ́s Enigmatic Response to Insect Herbivory 3.1 Recognition of Insect Attackers Based on Feeding Guilds, HAMPs, and Herbivore-Specific Chemical Cues 3.2 Deciphering of Herbivory-Associated Molecular Cross Talk and Phytohormonal Signaling 3.3 Plants Transcriptional Signature upon Single and Multiple Insect Herbivory 3.4 Deciphering Enigma of Plant Defense Priming Using Transcriptomics 3.5 Deciphered Presence of a Hidden Player in Insect-Plant Interaction, Microbes: A Manipulator of Insect-Plant Interaction 3.6 RNA-Seq: A Transcriptomics Tool for Non-model Plant Species 3.7 Transcriptomics Empowering Concept of Sustainable Agriculture 4 Unravelling Enigma of Insect Resistance, Adaptation to Xenobiotics and Herbivory-Induced Chemical Pressure in Ecological Con... 5 Conclusion References Plant-Insect Interaction: A Proteomic Approach in Defence Mechanism 1 Introduction 2 Significance of Proteomics in Studying Plant Defence Against Insects 3 Tools of Proteomics to Study Plant-Insect Interaction 3.1 Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) 3.2 Fluorescent Two-Dimensional `Difference Gel Electrophoresis ́ (2D-DIGE) 3.3 ICATs (Isotope-Coded Affinity Tags) 3.4 iTRAQ (Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation) 3.5 MudPIT (Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology) 3.6 Mass Spectrometry 3.7 Protein Microarray 4 Recent Proteomic Investigations to Reveal Plant-Insect Relation 4.1 Plant Defence Responses 4.2 Proteomics of Insect Secretions (Secretome/Regurgitome, etc.) 5 Conclusion and Further Prospects References Role of miRNA in Plant Defense Against Insects 1 Introduction 2 Approaches for Detection and Expression Analysis of miRNAs 3 MicroRNAs in Plant-Insect Interactions 4 Role of miRNAs in Plant-Nematode Interactions 5 miRNA-Based Strategies for Crop Protection 6 Conclusion References Role of Mapks During Plant-Insect Interaction 1 Introduction 2 Mapk Signaling in Host Cells 2.1 MAPKs 2.1.1 Role of SIPK and WIPK in Plant-Insect Interactions 2.1.2 Role of LeMPK1, LeMPK2, and LeMPK3 in Tomato Plants 2.1.3 Role of MAPKs in Arabidopsis thaliana 2.2 MAPKKs 2.3 MAPKKKs 3 Mapk Signaling in Systemic Tissues 4 Future Perspectives References Thioredoxins as Molecular Players in Plants, Pests, and Pathogens 1 Introduction 2 Thioredoxins: A General Account 3 Mechanisms of Action of Thioredoxins 4 How Cysteine Reduction Occurs by Thioredoxins? 5 Plant Immunity and Redox-Based Post-Translational Protein Modifications 6 Involvement of Different Thioredoxin Activities to Regulate Plant Immunity 7 How Cellular Redox Changes During Pathogen Challenge? 8 Thioredoxin (from Plants) as a Signaling Component of Chickpea-Helicoverpa Interaction 9 Thioredoxins (from Insect) from Common Cutworm (Spodoptera litura) 10 Molecular Characterization of Two Thioredoxin Genes (from Insect) of Grapholita molesta 11 Thioredoxin 2 and Thioredoxin Reductase 1 (from Insect) of Helicoverpa armigera 12 Role of Thioredoxin-Like Protein (from Pathogen) of Bemisia tabaci 13 Thioredoxins in Plant Immunity Against TMV and CMV 14 Conclusion References Plant Volatiles and Their Role in Insect Olfaction 1 Introduction 1.1 Plant Volatiles: Synthesis and Release of Different Types of Plant Volatiles 1.2 Plant Fitness Cost for Volatile Production 1.3 Dispersion of Plant Volatiles in the Air 2 Insect Olfactory System and Functions 2.1 Olfactory Organs: Types and Structure 2.2 Peripheral Olfactory System 2.2.1 Redrafted from Cseke, Kaufman et al. (2007) 2.3 Central Nervous System 2.4 Functional Characterization of Insect Olfactory Receptors Using Different Analytical and Molecular Approaches 3 Role of Insect Olfaction in Host Plant Selection 3.1 Habitat Selection 3.2 Host Plant Selection 3.3 Site Selection on a Host Plant 4 Role of Plant Volatiles in Pest Management 4.1 Oviposition-Induced Plant Volatiles as Oviposition Deterrents 4.2 Herbivore-Induced Volatile Organic Compounds and Their Role in Herbivore-Plant Interaction 5 Conclusion and Future Directions References Direct and Indirect Defence Against Insects 1 Introduction 2 Direct Defence Against Insect Herbivores 2.1 Structural Defences in Plants 2.1.1 Role of Trichomes 2.1.2 Role of Epicuticular Waxes 2.1.3 Role of Leaf Toughness 3 Plant Defensive Compounds/Allelochemicals 3.1 Role of Alkaloids 3.2 Role of Benzoxazinoides 3.3 Role of Cyanogenic Glycosides 3.4 Role of Glucosinolates (GSL) 3.5 Role of Nonprotein Amino Acids 3.6 Role of Phenolics 3.7 Role of Flavonoids 3.8 Role of Tannins 3.9 Role of Terpenoids 3.10 Role of Plant Defensive Proteins 4 Classification of Defence Proteins 4.1 Protease Inhibitors (PIs) 4.2 Role of Lectins 4.3 Role of Enzymes 4.4 Role of Polyphenol Oxidases (PPOs) 4.5 Peroxidase (POD) 4.6 Role of Lipoxygenases (LOXs) 5 Indirect Defence Against Insect Herbivores 5.1 Role of Elicitors 5.1.1 Fatty Acid-Amino Acid Conjugates 5.1.2 Sulfooxy Fatty Acids 5.1.3 Esters 5.1.4 Peptides 5.1.5 Enzymes 5.1.6 Fragments of Cell Walls 5.1.7 Role of Plant Hormones 5.1.8 Jasmonic Acid (JA) 5.1.9 Salicylic Acid 5.1.10 Ethylene 5.2 Role of Volatiles 5.3 Nitrogenous Compounds 5.4 Volatile Indoles 5.5 Green Leaf Volatiles 5.6 Role of Inducible Constitutive Traits 5.6.1 Extrafloral Nectar 5.6.2 Domatia 6 Conclusion References Signalling During Insect Plant Interaction 1 Introduction 2 Molecular Recognition of Insects by the Plants 3 Induction of Wound-Activated Surface Potential 4 Calcium Sensors in Plant Immune Response 5 Potassium Channels in Plant Immune Response 6 ROS and RNS in Cell Signalling upon Herbivory 7 Plant Hormones Mediate Insect-Specific Plant Reactions 8 Jasmonic Acid (JA) 9 Ethylene (ET) 10 Abscisic Acid (ABA) 11 Brassinosteroids (BRs) 12 Gibberellins (GAs) 13 Cytokinins 14 Interplay Between Ethylene (ET), Jasmonic Acid (JA) and Salicylic Acid (SA) Network of Regulated Interactions 15 Interplay of Gibberellic Acid (GA) and Jasmonic Acid in (JA) Mediated Defence Response 16 Interplay of ABA, Auxin and JA in Defence Response 17 Interplay of Cytokinins and JA in Plant Defence 18 Age-Dependent Dynamics of Plant Insect Resistance 19 Effect of Soil Microbes on Plant Heath Improvement 20 Chemical Signals in Insect-Plant Interaction 21 Conclusion References Role of Phytohormones in Plant Defence Against Insects: Signalling and Crosstalk 1 Introduction 2 Elicitors and plant hormones 2.1 Plant Hormones 2.2 Jasmonic Acid (JA) 2.3 Ethylene (ET) 3 Molecular Players Involved in JA Signal Transduction 4 JA/ET and SA Signalling and Crosstalk with Respect to Insect Defence 4.1 Plant and Herbivore Interaction 5 Conclusion References Plant Proteinase Inhibitor and Protease Interaction During Insect-Plant Communication 1 Introduction 1.1 Plant Proteinase Inhibitors 1.2 Midgut Proteinases in Phytophagous Insects 1.3 Serine Proteinases 1.4 Cysteine Proteinases 1.5 Aspartic Proteinases and Metalloproteinases 1.6 Interaction Between Proteinases and Proteinase Inhibitors 1.7 Plant Protease Inhibitors in Crucifers 1.8 Plant Proteinase Inhibitor in Lauraceae 1.9 P. brassicae and Its Host Plant Interaction 1.10 A. assamensis and Its Host Plant Interaction 1.11 Utilization of Proteinase Inhibitors for Insect Pest Management 1.12 Phage Display 1.13 Single Chain Antibody 1.14 RNAi 1.15 Gene Stacking 2 Conclusion References Natural Insecticidal Proteins and Their Potential in Future IPM 1 Introduction 2 Lectins: Plant Storage Proteins with Entomotoxicity 2.1 Classification, Expression, Structure, and Sugar-Binding Property 2.2 Entomotoxicity: Mode of Action 2.2.1 Source of Variability in Entomotoxicity 2.3 Biotechnological Application: Insect Resistance GM Plants 2.4 Biosafety: Are Lectin-Expressing GM Plants Safe for Mammals? 2.5 Impact on Nontarget Organisms: Concern for Biotechnological Application 3 Other Classes of Insecticidal Proteins: A Brief Overview 3.1 Plant Enzymes with Entomotoxicity 3.1.1 Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins (RIPs) 3.1.2 Proteases 3.1.3 Chitinases 3.1.4 Ureases 3.2 Plant Protein Acts as Digestive Inhibitors 3.2.1 Alpha-Amylase Inhibitors 3.2.2 Proteinase Inhibitors 3.3 Plant Peptides: Small Molecules with Insecticidal Activity 3.3.1 Cyclotides 3.3.2 Defensins 4 Next-Generation GM Plants: Lessons from Lectin 5 Conclusion and Future Perspective References Deciphering the Role of Phytoanticipins, Phytoalexins, and Polyphenols in Plant-Insect Defense 1 Introduction: Plant-Insect Encounter - The Dynamic Power Game 2 Insect Behavior During Herbivory 3 Plant Defense Signaling During Insect Attack: All a Matter of the Timely Action 3.1 Direct Defense: Restricting the Insect Directly 3.2 Indirect Defense: Attracting the Pests of Pests 3.3 Early Defense: Sense Early to Nip in the Bud 3.4 Role of Phytohormones: Regulating Many Spheres of Defense and Growth 3.5 Transgenerational Immunity: Carrying Ahead the Good Things 3.6 How Do Plants React to Insect Community? 4 Insect Response to Plant Defense: Coevolutionary Arms Race 4.1 Resistance Through Avoidance 4.2 Alteration of Plant Defense 4.3 Metabolic Resistance: Detoxification of Plant Allelochemicals 4.4 Target Site Resistance, Excretion, and Sequestration of Plant Toxins 4.5 Horizontal Gene Transfer: Contribution of Microbes to Insect Adaptation 5 Role of Constitutive Chemical Compounds: ThePhytoanticipins 6 Role of Inducible Chemical Compounds: ThePhytoalexins and Phenolics 7 Conclusion References Microbial Influence on Plant-Insect Interaction 1 Introduction 2 Microbial Contribution in Shaping the Tri-Trophic Interactions in an Ecosystem 2.1 Microbial Diversity Allied with Plants 2.1.1 Microbes Enhancing Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake 2.1.2 Microbes-Induced Resistance in Plants 2.1.3 Microbial Toxin Production Against Insects 2.2 Microbial Diversity Allied with Insects 2.2.1 Microbes Providing Essential Nutrients 2.2.2 Microbes Influencing Insect Immunity 2.2.3 Microbes Influencing Detoxification of Plant-Defensive Compounds 2.2.4 Impact on Insect Pheromone Production and Reproduction 2.3 Crosstalk in Signaling Pathways - Decoy of Plant Defenses 2.4 Soil Microbial Diversity Influencing the Plant-Insect Interaction 2.5 Role of Microbial Volatiles in Plant-Insect Interaction 3 Microbes as a Toolbox: Integration of Microbes in Pest Management 4 Conclusion and Future Perspective References Microbe-Plant-Insect Interactions: A Comparative Dissection of Interactome 1 Introduction 2 Plant Interactions with Microbes and Insects 2.1 Bacterial Influence on Plant-Insect Interactions 2.2 Fungal Influence on Plant-Insect Interactions 2.3 Viral Influence on Plant-Insect Interaction 3 Plants: A Connecting Link Between Microbe-Insect Interactions 3.1 Evolution of Plant Interactions with Microbes 3.2 Evolution of Plant Interactions with Insects 3.3 Evolutionary Interactions Shape the Spatial and Temporal Pattern of the Interacting Communities 4 Insects as Vectors for Microbial Infection 5 Host Plant Defences Against Microbes and Herbivores 5.1 Structural Barriers Are Different in Plants for Microbes and Herbivores 5.2 Early and Late Signalling Events in Plant Defence 5.3 Electrical Signalling, Calcium Influx and Reactive Oxygen Species 5.4 MAMPs, HAMPs, DAMPs and the Kinases in Early Signalling 5.5 Phytohormone Signalling: Pathogens vs. Herbivores, Is It Different? 5.6 Phytohormone Signalling: Defence Against Pathogens 5.7 Phytohormone Signalling: Defence Against Herbivores 5.8 Phytohormone Signalling: Role of ET in Defence and the Integration of Different Signalling Pathways 5.9 Phytohormone Signalling: Role of Other Phytohormones in Defence and Their Integration 5.9.1 Defence Against Pathogens 5.10 Defence Against Herbivores 5.11 Integration of Different Signalling Pathways with JA as the Master Regulator 5.12 Secondary Metabolites: The Defensive Chemical Species 6 Conclusion References Simplified Perspective of Complex Insect-Plant Interactions 1 Introduction 1.1 What Do the Insects Need the Plants for and How Do They Reach Their Host Plants Amongst the Other Species of Plants in the... 1.2 Adaptive Radiation of Phytophagous Insects 1.3 Characteristics of Plants Governing the Interaction with Phytophagous Insects 1.4 Historical Account of Insect-Plant Interactions 2 Important Considerations in Relation to the Hurdles on the Way, and Prospects of Future Studies on Insect-Plant Interactions 3 Important Considerations on Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Herbivory and Insect Adaptations 4 Conclusion References Molecular and Biochemical Aspect of Insect-Plant Interaction: A Perspective for Pest Management 1 Introduction 2 Mechanism of Host Plant Defenses Against Insects 3 Plant Defense Molecule Perspective in Pest Management 4 Conclusion References Ecology and Evolution of Insect-Plant Interactions 1 Introduction 2 Ecological Traits of Insect-Plant Interaction 2.1 Plant Actions to Insect Herbivory 2.1.1 Defensive Types 2.1.2 Plant Specialized Metabolites Against Insect Herbivores 2.2 Insect Responses to Plant 3 Evolution of Insect-Plant Interaction 4 Future Prospect of Understanding Insect-Plant Interactions References Glossary 1. Role of Herbivore-Associated Modulator Patterns (HAMPs) in Modulating Plant Defences -- 2. Transcriptomics studies revealing enigma of Insect-Plant interaction -- 3. Plant-Insect Interaction: A Proteomic approach in Defense Mechanism -- 4. Role of miRNA in plant defense against insects -- 5. Role of MAPKs during plant insect interaction -- 6. Thioredoxins as molecular players in plants, pests and pathogens -- 7. Plant volatiles and their role in insect olfaction -- 8. Direct and indirect defense against Insects -- 9. Signalling during Insect-Plant interaction -- 10. Role of Phytohormones in Plant defense against Insects: signalling and crosstalk -- 11. Plant proteinase inhibitor and protease Interactionduring Insect-Plant communication -- 12. Natural insecticidal proteins and their potential in future IPM -- 13. Deciphering the role of phytoanticipins, phytoalexins, and polyphenols in plant-insect defense -- 14. Microbial influence on plant-insect interaction -- 15. Microbe-plant insect Interactions: A Comparative dissection of Interactome -- 16. Simplified perspective of complex Insect-plant interactions -- 17. Molecular, biochemical aspect of Insect-Plant Interaction: A perspective for pest management -- 18. Molecular, biochemical aspect of Insect-Plant Interaction: A perspective for pest management