Plant Nanobionics : Volume 1, Advances in the Understanding of Nanomaterials Research and Applications

An improved understanding of the interactions between nanoparticles and plant retorts, including their uptake, localization, and activity, could revolutionize crop production through increased disease resistance, nutrient utilization, and crop yield. This may further impact other agricultural and industrial processes that are based on plant crops. This two-volume book analyses the key processes involved in the nanoparticle delivery to plants and details the interactions between plants and nanomaterials. Potential plant nanotechnology applications for enhanced nutrient uptake, increased crop productivity and plant disease management are evaluated with careful consideration regarding safe use, social acceptance and ecological impact of these technologies. Plant Nanobionics: Volume 1, Advances in the Understanding of Nanomaterials Research and Applications begins the discussion of nanotechnology applications in plants with the characterization and nanosynthesis of various microbes and covers the mechanisms and etiology of nanostructure function in microbial cells. It focuses on the potential alteration of plant production systems through the controlled release of agrochemicals and targeted delivery of biomolecules. Industrial and medical applications are included. Volume 2 continues this discussion with a focus on biosynthesis and toxicity. Preface 6 Contents 8 Contributors 10 About the Author 14 Chapter 1: Recent Advancements and New Perspectives of Nanomaterials 15 Chapter 2: Recent Progress in Applied Nanomaterials 47 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 Nanotechnology in Agriculture Sector 48 2.2.1 Effect of Nanoparticles on Germination of Seed 49 2.2.2 Nanofertilizer and Nanopesticides 51 2.2.2.1 Macro- and Micronutrient Nanofertilizers 51 2.2.2.2 Nanopesticides 52 2.2.3 Role of Nanosensors in Agriculture 54 2.3 Role of Nanoparticles in Food Sector 55 2.3.1 Food Processing and Packaging 55 2.3.1.1 Antimicrobial Packaging 56 2.3.1.2 Barrier Packaging 56 2.3.1.3 Biodegradable Packaging 57 2.3.2 Other Advantages of Nanomaterials in Food Industry 57 2.3.2.1 Nanosensors 58 2.4 Application of Nanomaterials in Manufacture and Electronics 58 2.5 Applications in Environment 59 2.6 Nanotechnology in Medicine 60 2.6.1 Organic Nanoparticles 60 2.6.1.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles Role in Therapeutics 60 2.6.1.1.1 PLGA Nanoparticles 61 2.6.1.1.2 Chitosan 62 2.6.1.1.3 Dendrimers 63 2.6.2 Liposomes 65 2.6.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 66 2.6.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) 66 2.6.3.2 Quantum Dots 68 2.7 Conclusion 69 References 70 Chapter 3: An Insight into Plant Nanobionics and Its Applications 79 Chapter 4: Plastics, Micro- and Nanomaterials, and Virus-Soil Microbe-Plant Interactions in the Environment 97 Chapter 5: Characterization Methods for Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials 116 Chapter 6: Impact of Nanomaterials in Plant Systems 130 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 Types of Nanomaterials 132 6.2.1 Metal Nanomaterials 132 6.2.2 Carbon-Based Materials 133 6.2.3 Polymeric Nanomaterials 134 6.2.4 Hybrid Nanomaterials 135 6.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 136 6.3.1 Top-Down Synthesis 136 6.3.2 Bottom-Up Synthesis 137 6.4 Role of Nanomaterials in Plant Growth 137 6.5 Phytotoxic Responses to Nanomaterials 138 6.5.1 Nanotoxicity and Plant Growth 146 6.5.2 Physiological and Biochemical Responses 147 6.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 147 References 148 Chapter 7: Nanoagriculture and Energy Advances 154 7.1 Nanotechnology and Nanoagriculture 155 7.2 Water 156 7.2.1 Sensor for Diagnostic 156 7.2.1.1 Quality 157 7.2.1.2 Microorganism and Contaminants Detected 157 7.2.2 Water Purification 159 7.2.2.1 Photocatalysis 160 7.2.2.2 Membranes, Zeolites, and Nanoporous Materials 162 7.2.2.3 Metallic and Magnetic Nanoparticles 163 7.3 Nanoagriculture 165 7.3.1 Pesticides and Fertilizers 165 7.3.2 Smart Agrochemical Delivery Systems 166 7.3.3 Sensor to Monitor Soil Conditions 166 7.4 Energy 167 7.4.1 Biogas 167 7.4.2 Biofuels 168 7.4.3 Photovoltaic Cells 168 7.4.4 Photoelectrochemical Cells 170 7.5 Outlooks 170 References 171 Chapter 8: Nanopesticides and Nanosensors in Agriculture 178 8.1 Introduction 178 8.2 Pesticide Toxicity 180 8.3 Nanopesticides 181 8.4 Nanoformulations 186 8.5 Detection of Pesticides 188 8.6 Ecotoxicology of Nanomaterials and Related Regulations 190 References 191 Chapter 9: Nano-agriculture in the Food Industry 195 Chapter 10: Nanotechnology and Plant Extracts as a Future Control Strategy for Meat and Milk Products 213 10.1 Introduction 213 10.2 Nanoencapsulation of Plant Extracts 214 10.3 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles 217 10.4 Biological Hazards in Meat and Milk Products 219 10.4.1 Antibacterial Effects of Nanoencapsulated Plant Extracts in Meat and Milk Products 220 10.4.2 Antibacterial Mechanisms of Nanoparticles 223 10.4.3 Antifungal Effects of Nanoparticles 240 10.5 Oxidation of Meat and Milk Products 241 10.5.1 Antioxidative Effect of Nanoencapsulated Plant Extracts 242 10.5.2 Antioxidative Effect of Nanoparticles 243 10.5.3 Antioxidant Active Packaging 245 10.5.3.1 Use of Nanoencapsulation in Antioxidant Active Packaging 245 10.5.3.2 Nanoparticles in Antioxidant Active Packaging 247 10.5.3.3 Nanoparticles in Oxygen Colorimetric Indicators 247 10.6 Chemical Hazards and Application of Nanoparticles in the Meat and Milk Sectors 248 10.7 Current Limitations, Safety, and Further Perspectives of Nanoparticle Application in the Food Industry 249 References 251 Chapter 11: Impact of Nanoparticles on Photosynthesizing Organisms and Their Use in Hybrid Structures with Some Components of Photosynthetic Apparatus 266 11.1 Introduction 267 11.2 Impact of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials on Photosynthesizing Organisms 269 11.2.1 Impact of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials on Algae 269 11.2.1.1 Graphene and Graphene Oxide 269 11.2.1.2 Fullerene 271 11.2.1.3 Single-Walled and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 271 11.2.2 Impact of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials on Vascular Plants 273 11.2.2.1 Graphene, Graphene Oxide 274 11.2.2.2 Fullerene, Fullerenol 275 11.2.2.3 Single-Walled and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 275 11.2.3 Impact of Metal Nanoparticles on Algae 279 11.2.3.1 Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 280 11.2.3.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 281 11.2.3.3 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 283 11.2.3.4 Nickel and Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles 283 11.2.3.5 Cr2O3 Nanoparticles 284 11.2.3.6 Silver Nanoparticles 284 11.2.3.7 Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles 286 11.2.3.8 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles 287 11.2.4 Impact of Metal Nanoparticles on Vascular Plants 289 11.2.4.1 Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles 289 11.2.4.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 293 11.2.4.3 Iron and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (FeNPs) 297 11.2.4.4 Silver Nanoparticles 301 11.2.4.5 Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles 304 11.2.4.6 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles 308 11.3 Hybrid Structures of Nanoparticles and Components of Photosynthetic Apparatus Operating as Photoelectric Systems 311 11.3.1 Hybrid Structures Containing Photosystem I 312 11.3.2 Hybrid Structures Containing Photosystem II 315 11.3.3 Hybrid Structures Containing Cytochrome c 316 11.3.4 Hybrid Structures Containing Chloroplasts, Thylakoids, and Photosynthetic Pigments 317 11.3.5 Hybrid Structures Containing Cyanobacteria and Alga 318 11.4 Improving Plant Functioning by Nanobionics Approach 319 11.5 Conclusion 321 References 322 Chapter 12: Nanotechnology and Plant Tissue Culture 344 12.1 Introduction: Tissue Culture in Modern Agriculture 345 12.2 From the Twentieth Century to the Current Scenario 347 12.3 Accelerated Multiplication of Plants 347 12.4 Uses of Plant Tissue Culture Technology 349 12.5 Genetic Improvement of Crops 353 12.6 Obtaining Healthy Plants and Conservation of Germplasm 354 12.7 Production of Drugs and Other Natural Products 355 12.8 Advance of Nanotechnology in Plant Tissue Culture 356 12.8.1 Nanomaterials in Plant Biotransformation 361 12.8.2 Using Nanomaterials as Decontaminant Agent in Plant Tissue Culture 364 12.8.3 Nanomaterial-Based Decontamination in Plant Tissue Culture 365 12.8.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NPs) 366 12.8.3.2 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) 367 12.8.3.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO) 368 12.9 Conclusions and Future Outlook 369 References 370 Chapter 13: Advances in Nanobiotechnology with Special Reference to Plant Systems 382 13.1 Introduction 383 13.2 Interaction of Nanoparticles with the Plant Systems 383 13.2.1 Source of the Nanomaterials 384 13.2.2 Uptake of Nanomaterial by the Plant Cell 384 13.2.3 Movement of the Nanoparticles Through the Plant Tissues 385 13.2.4 Effects of Plant-Nanoparticles Interaction on Growth and Development 386 13.3 Nanomaterials Role in Modulation of Primary Metabolism and Secondary Metabolism 388 13.4 Nanobionics Plants: Improved Photosynthesis and Chemical Sensing Potential of Plants 391 13.5 Conclusion 392 References 393 Index 399 Front Matter ....Pages i-xiii Recent Advancements and New Perspectives of Nanomaterials (Ezgi Emul, Mehmet Dogan Asik, Ramazan Akcan, Kazim Kose, Lokman Uzun, Semran Saglam et al.)....Pages 1-32 Recent Progress in Applied Nanomaterials (R. Mankamna Kumari, Nikita Sharma, Geeta Arya, Surendra Nimesh)....Pages 33-64 An Insight into Plant Nanobionics and Its Applications (Shubha Rani Sharma, Debasish Kar)....Pages 65-82 Plastics, Micro- and Nanomaterials, and Virus-Soil Microbe-Plant Interactions in the Environment (Gero Benckiser)....Pages 83-101 Characterization Methods for Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials (Ram Chandra Choudhary, Sarita Kumari, R. V. Kumaraswamy, Ajay Pal, Ramesh Raliya, Pratim Biswas et al.)....Pages 103-116 Impact of Nanomaterials in Plant Systems (Rishabh Anand Omar, Shagufta Afreen, Neetu Talreja, Divya Chauhan, Mohammad Ashfaq)....Pages 117-140 Nanoagriculture and Energy Advances (R. G. Cásarez-Santiago, J. J. Chanona-Pérez, C. A. Reséndiz-Mora, N. Gϋemes-Vera, A. Manzo-Robledo, M. J. Perea-Flores et al.)....Pages 141-164 Nanopesticides and Nanosensors in Agriculture (Rajender Boddula, Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Ramyakrishna Pothu, Mahendrapal Singh Rajput, Aditya Saran)....Pages 165-181 Nano-agriculture in the Food Industry (Antony Allwyn Sundarraj)....Pages 183-200 Nanotechnology and Plant Extracts as a Future Control Strategy for Meat and Milk Products (Marija Boskovic, Milica Glisic, Jasna Djordjevic, Milan Z. Baltic)....Pages 201-253 Impact of Nanoparticles on Photosynthesizing Organisms and Their Use in Hybrid Structures with Some Components of Photosynthetic Apparatus (Josef Jampílek, Katarína Kráľová)....Pages 255-332 Nanotechnology and Plant Tissue Culture (Sandra Pérez Álvarez, Marco Antonio Magallanes Tapia, María Esther González Vega, Eduardo Fidel Héctor Ardisana, Jesús Alicia Chávez Medina, Gabriela Lizbeth Flores Zamora et al.)....Pages 333-370 Advances in Nanobiotechnology with Special Reference to Plant Systems (Madan L. Verma, Pankaj Kumar, Deepka Sharma, Aruna D. Verma, Asim K. Jana)....Pages 371-387 Back Matter ....Pages 389-397 Environmental risks with recent data are discussed as well as risks associated with the transfer of nanoparticles through the food chain. This volume highlights the study of a mechanistic approach and the study of nanoparticles towards nanobionics.