Plant-Microbes-Engineered Nano-particles (PM-ENPs) Nexus in Agro-Ecosystems: Understanding the Interaction of Plant, Microbes and Engineered ... in Science, Technology & Innovation)

This book presents a collection of cross-disciplinary research, with contributions addressing all key features of the plant/microbe/ENP nexus in agro-ecosystems. The uptake, transport and transformation of nanoparticles in plants have attracted more and more attention in the past several years. Especially, the impact of Engineered Nanoparticles (ENPs) on bioprocesses; low-, medium- and high-level dose responses in the microbial community of soil; and long-, medium- and short-term exposure responses, particularly microbial nitrogen transformations, are just a few of the aspects involved. Since ENPs are used in many industries, including cosmetics, agriculture, medicine, food technology and waste management, their transport through biogeochemical cycles is an important focus of many studies today. Specifically, ENP–microbe interaction has been analysed with regard to disease treatment for plants; it plays a vital role in disease inhibition by releasing metal ions that act through many pathways – e.g. reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, DNA transformation and disruption of the cell cycle – to stop cell growth in the pathogen. Due to these properties, ENPs are also used as slow release or delayed release pesticides and fungicides, and as carrier systems for growth-promoting hormones. Despite their multiple uses in various industries, the negative effects of ENPs are still a major concern for the scientific community and consumers alike. For example, their transport to various food chains has been reported to have adverse effects. This raises a degree of doubt concerning a rapidly growing scientific field with major applications in many industries. From a sustainable development perspective and particularly to ensure food security in light of the uncertainty accompanying climate change, it is imperative to address this divergence by focusing on the plant/microbe/ENP nexus. Preface Contents Engineered Nanoparticles in Agro-ecosystems: General Approach 1 Engineered Nanoparticles in Smart Agricultural Revolution: An Enticing Domain to Move Carefully Abstract 1 Introduction 2 A Brief Note on Widely Used Engineered Nanoparticles (ENPs) 2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 2.2 Quantum Dots (QDs) 2.3 Nano-encapsulation, Nano-rods and Nano-emulsion 3 Nanotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture 3.1 Engineered Nanoparticles (ENPs) in Agriculture 3.2 Engineered Nano-materials as Stimulant of Plant Growth 3.2.1 Nano-Fertilizers 3.2.2 Nano-pesticides 4 Engineered Nanoparticles Impact on Soil Microbial Processes 5 Nanoparticle’s Toxicity on Environment 6 Nano-Biosensor Technology: A Path to Smart Agriculture 6.1 Nanotechnology in Food Industry and Supply Chain 6.2 Food Processing 6.3 Food Packaging and Labeling 7 Future Perspectives: Identification of Gaps and Obstacles 8 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 2 Nanotechnology: Advancement for Agricultural Sustainability Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Interaction of Engineered Nanoparticles (ENPs) with Crop Plants 3 Engineered Nanoparticles as a Smart Sensor 4 Detection and Diagnosis of Pathogens by Nanoparticles 5 Nanopheromone 6 Nanopesticides for Sustainability in Agricultural Crop-Production 7 Effects of Plant Exposure to the Gold Metal Nanoparticle (AuNPs) 8 Interaction of Nanoparticles in Plant Cells and Tissue Culture 9 Conclusion References Engineered Nanoparticles and Plant Interaction 3 Nanotechnology for Sustainable Crop Production: Recent Development and Strategies Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Detection and Control of the Plant Diseases 3 Seed Germination and Plant Growth 4 Photosynthetic Upgradation 5 Nano-Agrochemicals and Nanobionics 5.1 Nanofertilizers (NFs) 5.2 Nanosensors (NSs) 5.3 Nano-robots 5.4 Nanopesticides (NPCs) 5.5 Nanoherbicides/Nanoweedicides (NHs or NWs) 6 Water Conservation and Treatment 7 Soil Conservation and Management 8 Contaminant Remediation 9 Harvesting Nanoparticles 10 Adapting to Climate Change 11 Conclusion References 4 Interaction of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles with Plants in Agro-ecosystems Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Nanoparticles in Agro-ecosystems 2 Uptake, Translocation and Accumulation of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Plants 2.1 Uptake and Translocation of TiO2 Nanoparticles Through Roots 2.2 Uptake and Translocation of TiO2 Nanoparticles Through Leaves 3 Impacts of TiO2 Nanoparticles 3.1 In Ecosystem 3.2 Phytotoxicity of TiO2-NPs 3.2.1 Phytotoxicity at Morphological Level 3.2.2 Phytotoxicity at Physiological Level 3.2.3 Phytotoxicity at Biochemical Level 3.2.4 Phytotoxicity at Gene Level 3.2.5 Impacts on Overall Plant Productivity and Yield 3.3 Detoxification Mechanism vs TiO2 Nanoparticles Phytotoxicity 4 Scope of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Agriculture 4.1 Nanoparticles as Growth Promoter 4.2 TiO2 Nanoparticles and Crop Protection 4.3 TiO2 Nanoparticles and Plants Tolerance Under Various Stresses 5 Conclusions and Future Recommendations Acknowledgements References 5 Interaction of Nano-TiO2 with Plants: Preparation and Translocation Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Information on the Source of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) 1.2 The Motivation for Focusing on Nano-TiO2 2 Importance and Classification of the Methods of Synthesis of Nano-TiO2 2.1 Green Methods for Synthesizing Nano-TiO2 2.1.1 From Trigella Foenum-Graecum (Fenugreek) Plant Leaves 2.1.2 From Moringa Leaves 2.1.3 From Peels of Fruit 2.2 Physical Methods for Synthesis of Nano-TiO2 2.2.1 Ball Mill Method 2.2.2 Sol–Gel Methods 2.3 Thermal Methods of Preparing Nanoparticles of Titanium Dioxide 2.3.1 Thermal Method 2.3.2 Solvothermal Method 2.3.3 Ultrasonic Methods 2.4 Chemical Method 2.5 Metal–Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD) 3 Bioapplications of Nano-TiO2 4 Interactions of Nano-TiO2 with Plants 4.1 Uptake of Nano-TiO2 from Water by Higher Species than Plants 4.2 Uptake of Nano-TiO2 by Plants 5 Studies on the Effect of Nanoparticles on Germination and Growth of Seedlings 5.1 A Study Involving Transplanting 6 Effect of Nano-TiO2 on Strength of Plants 7 Phytoremediation and Nanophytoremediation of nano-TiO2 7.1 Effect of Concentration of Toxicity and the Role of Phytoremediation 7.2 Studies on Phytoremediation 8 Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgements References 6 Plant Physiological Responses to Engineered Nanoparticles Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Plant growth responses to engineered nanoparticles 3 Engineered nanoparticles as fertilizers in different plants 4 Nano-harvest with engineered mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs). 5 Phytoaccumulation of Engineered Nanoparticles (ENPs) in Plants 6 Phytotoxic Effects of Engineered Nanoparticles (ENPs) in Different Plants 7 Conclusion Acknowlegements References Engineered Nanoparticles and Soil Health 7 Engineered Nanoparticles in Agro-ecosystems: Implications on the Soil Health Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Synthesis and Types of Engineered Nanoparticles 3 Exposure of Engineered Nanoparticles in Soil 4 The Fate of Engineered Nanoparticles in the Soil 4.1 Engineered Nanoparticles and Colloids 4.2 Aggregations 4.3 Deposition 4.4 Oxidation/dissolution 5 Factors Affecting Transport of Engineered Nanoparticles in Soil 6 Effect of Engineered Nanoparticles on the Soil Properties 6.1 Effect on Physico-Chemical Properties 6.2 Effect on Biological Properties of Soil and Phytotoxicity 7 Monitoring Methods for Engineered Nanoparticles 8 Conclusions and Future Directions References 8 Effect of Engineered Nanoparticles on Soil Attributes and Potential in Reclamation of Degraded Lands Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Engineered Nanoparticle Application in Agriculture 3 Techniques for Quantification of Nanoparticles 4 Impact of Nanoparticle Application on Soil Characteristics 4.1 Soil pH 4.2 Cation Exchange Capacity 4.3 Nutrient and Mineral Characteristics 4.4 Soil Organic Matter 4.5 Soil Microbial Characteristics 4.6 Soil Enzymes 4.7 Soil Annelids and Arthropods 5 Application of Nanoparticles in Reclamation of Degraded Agricultural Lands 6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Engineered Nanoparticles as Nanofertilizers and Biosensors 9 Advances of Engineered Nanofertilizers for Modern Agriculture Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Fertilizers 2.1 Fertilizers in Agriculture 2.2 Classification of Fertilizers 2.3 Macro and Micronutrients 2.4 Major Elements of Plants 3 Engineered Nanofertilizers 3.1 Technology of Nanofertilizers 3.2 Classification of Nanofertilizers 3.3 Benefits of Nanofertilizers 3.4 Application Methods of Nanofertilizers 4 Bio-synthesis of Nanomaterials 5 Nanofertilizers of Macro and Micronutrients 5.1 Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles (HA NPs) 5.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 5.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 5.4 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 6 Slow/Controlled Release Fertilizers 6.1 Properties of Slow/controlled Release Fertilizers 6.2 Synthetic Polymer Coating 6.3 Coating by Biological Products 6.4 Starch in Slow/controlled Releasing 6.5 Chitosan in Slow/controlled Releasing 6.6 Polyurethane in Slow/controlled Releasing 6.7 Zeolites in Slow/controlled Releasing 7 Influences of Nanofertilizers on the Soil and Crop Plants 8 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 10 Nano-fertilizers and Nano-pesticides as Promoters of Plant Growth in Agriculture Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Role of Nanotechnology in Agriculture 3 Engineered Nanoparticles-Based Nano-fertilizers 3.1 Need for Nano-fertilizers 3.2 Properties of Engineered Nanoparticles-Based Nano-fertilizers 3.3 Mode of Action of Nutrient Delivery 3.4 Types and Applications of Engineered Nanoparticles-Based Nano-fertilizers 3.4.1 Macronutrient Engineered Nanoparticles Nano-fertilizers 3.4.2 Micronutrient Engineered Nanoparticles-Based Nano-fertilizers 3.4.3 Chitosan Engineered Nanoparticles-Based Nano-fertilizers 3.4.4 Non-nutrient Engineered Nanoparticles-Based Nano-fertilizers 3.5 Advantages of Nano-fertilizers Over Conventional Fertilizers 4 Engineered Nanoparticles-Based Nano-pesticides 4.1 Necessity and Limitations of Conventional Pesticides 4.2 Types of Engineered Nanoparticles-Based Nano-pesticides 4.2.1 Nano-carrier-Based Pesticides 4.2.2 Non-carrier-Based Nano-pesticides 4.3 Mechanism of Action of Pesticides 4.4 Herbicides 4.5 Limitations of Engineered Nanoparticles-Based Nano-Pesticides 5 Outlook and Future Directions Acknowledgements References 11 Bio-nanosensors: Synthesis and Their Substantial Role in Agriculture Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Synthesis Methods of Plant-Microbe-Engineered Nanoparticles 1.2 Plant-Microbe-Engineered Nanoparticles Based Bio-nanosensors 2 Types and Roles of Bio-nanosensors 3 Biosynthesis of Bio-nanosensors Using Metal Nanoparticles 4 Forms of Nanomaterials as Nanosensors 5 Application of Nanosensors in Agriculture 6 Conclusion References Engineered Nanoparticles and Microbial Interaction 12 Interaction of Nanoparticles with Microbes Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Main Sink of Nanoparticles, Their Production, Applications and Environmental Concerns 2.1 Nanoparticles in Soils 2.2 Nanoparticles in Water 3 Toxicity Mechanisms of Nanoparticles 3.1 Proposed Mode of Antibacterial Action of Metal Nanoparticles 3.2 Proposed Mechanism of Antifungal Action of Metal Nanoparticles 4 Effects of Nanoparticles on Soil Microbial Community 4.1 Interaction of Soil Contaminants with Soil Microbes 4.2 Interaction of Engineered Nanoparticles with Soil Microbiota 5 Future Perspectives and Challenges 6 Concluding Remark Acknowledgements References 13 Nano-toxicity and Aquatic Food Chain Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Nanotoxicology in the Aquatic Food Chain 2.1 Sources of Nanomaterials 2.2 Physicochemical Properties of Engineered Nanoparticles Influencing Their Toxicity 2.3 Transformation Processes 2.4 Pathway of Exposure in the Aquatic Environment 3 Nanotoxicity to Individual Species in Aquatic Food Chain 3.1 Microbial Toxicity 3.2 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants 3.3 Toxicity to Phytoplankton 3.4 Fish Nanotoxicity 3.5 Toxicity to Human Health 4 Conclusion References Plant-Microbe-Soil Health-Engineered Nanoparticles Nexus: Conclusion 14 Impact of Engineered Nanoparticles on Microbial Communities, Soil Health and Plants Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Sources of Engineered Nanoparticles 3 Impact of Engineered Nanoparticles on Environmental Components 3.1 Impact of Engineered Nanoparticles on Soil Microbes 3.2 Impact of Engineered Nanoparticles on Soil Biophysical Properties 4 Uptake and Translocation of Engineered Nanoparticles in Plants 4.1 Effects of Engineered Nanoparticles on Plants 4.1.1 Effect of Engineered Nanoparticles on Growth and Developmental Features of Plants 4.1.2 Effects of Engineered Nanoparticles on Physiological Processes of Plants 4.1.3 Effects of Engineered Nanoparticles on Molecular and Biochemical Properties of Plants 5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References