Plant Breeding and Cultivar Development

Plant Breeding and Cultivar Development features an optimal balance between classical and modern tools and techniques related to plant breeding. Written for a global audience and based on the extensive international experience of the authors, the book features pertinent examples from major and minor world crops. Advanced data analytics (machine learning), phenomics and artificial intelligence are explored in the book's 28 chapters that cover classical and modern plant breeding. By presenting these advancements in specific detail, private and public sector breeding programs will learn about new, effective and efficient implementation. The insights are clear enough that non-plant breeding majoring students will find it useful to learn about the subject, while advanced level students and researchers and practitioners will find practical examples that help them implement their work. Bridges the gap between conventional breeding practices and state-of-the-art technologies Provides real-world case studies of a wide range of plant breeding techniques and practices Combines insights from genetics, genomics, breeding science, statistics, computer science and engineering for crop improvement and cultivar development Cover Title-page_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development Plant Breeding and Cultivar Development Copyright_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development Copyright Contents_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development Contents Preface_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development Preface Acknowledgments_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development Acknowledgments Chapter-1---Plant-breeding--past--present--a_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultiva 1 Plant breeding: past, present, and future perspectives Primitive agriculture and crop domestication Pre-Mendelian plant breeding Mendelian plant breeding Plant breeding in the 20th and 21st centuries Green revolution Genetically modified crops Molecular markers in plant breeding Advances in image based and high-throughput phenotyping Contributions of plant breeding to the world agriculture Complementary role of public and private sector plant breeding Future plant breeding Chapter-2---Mode-of-reproduction-in-cro_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Dev 2 Mode of reproduction in crop plants Sexual reproduction The alternation of generation Self-pollinated species Mechanisms that promote self-fertilization Genetic consequences of self-fertilization Cross-pollinated species Mechanisms that promote cross-fertilization Genetic consequences of cross-fertilization Asexual reproduction Vegetative propagation Apomixis Genetic consequences of asexual reproduction Determination of mode of reproduction Selfing and crossing Methods of emasculation Precautions during emasculation Pollination Precautions during pollination Male sterility and self-incompatibility Male sterility Self-incompatibility Role of self-incompatibility in plant breeding Utilization of self-incompatibility in plant breeding Chapter-3---Genetics-in-relation-to-plan_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-De 3 Genetics in relation to plant breeding Cell structure (typical plant cell structure) Cell division Mitosis Meiosis Chromosome Gene Genome Mendelian inheritance Law of segregation Law of independent assortment Gene interactions Chi-square goodness of fit test Linkage and crossing over Detection of linkage Linkage map Incomplete dominance and codominance Multiple alleles Pleiotropy Penetrance and expressivity Modifying genes Threshold characters Quantitative inheritance Cytoplasmic inheritance Linking plant breeding with molecular biology Chapter-4---Primer-on-population-and-quant_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar- 4 Primer on population and quantitative genetics Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium Factors affecting equilibrium in the population Types of populations in a breeding program, and mating designs Simple populations Three-parent cross Double cross Complex populations Nested or factorial designs Top cross Polycross Combining ability Qualitative and quantitative traits Types of gene action Phenotype, genotype, and environment Genotype × environment interactions and stability analyses Stability analyses Mean-CV Regression coefficient type analyses Superiority measure Multivariate approaches Practical consideration for a plant breeder Heritability Methods for estimating heritability Modes of selection Systems of mating Random mating Non-random mating Types of response to selection Selection theory Expected genetic gain Variability in the response to selection Practical considerations for plant breeders Few recommendations to reduce the effect of environment Estimated breeding value Multiple trait selection Generation to select and population sizes Chapter-5---Plant-genetic-resource_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Developm 5 Plant genetic resources Interspecific hybridization Polyploidy Genetic diversity Centers of origin Primary and secondary gene centers Megagene Centers Microcenters Centers and non-centers Law of homologous series Gene pools National Germplasm Banks Acclimatization Plant quarantine Genetic erosion Genetic vulnerability Prebreeding Germplasm exploration and collection Germplasm conservation Molecular conservation Evaluation of germplasm Documentation of germplasm Distribution of germplasm Material Transfer Agreement The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Text for Farmer’s Rights from The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Utilization of germplasm Chapter-6---Wide-hybridization_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development 6 Wide hybridization Barriers to wide hybridization External factors Internal factors Triticum spp. (wheat) Oryza spp. (rice) Gossypium spp. (cotton) Saccharum spp. (sugarcane) Lycopersicon spp. (tomato) Cajanus spp. (pigeon pea) Cicer spp. (chickpea) Vigna spp. (mung bean and urd bean) Advantages of wide hybridization Limitations of wide hybridization Chapter-7---Haploidy-and-polyploidy-in-cr_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-D 7 Haploidy and polyploidy in crop improvement Haploids Common wheat Maize Barley Anther, Pollen and Microspore Culture Other crops Techniques for chromosome doubling Advantages and uses of haploids Disadvantages of haploids Polyploidy Chapter-8---Hybridization-and-selection-in-s_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultiva 8 Hybridization and selection in self-pollinated crops Early history of hybridization Steps in the development of pure line cultivars Setting plant breeding objectives Selection of parents Procedures of hybridization Growing the F1 hybrid generation Genetic basis of combination breeding Handling of segregating generations Reduction of inter-row competition Chapter-9---Mass-and-pure-line-selec_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Develo 9 Mass and pure line selection The pure line theory Genetic basis of pure line selection Pure line selection General procedure of pure line selection How pure line become impure? How long does a pure line remain pure? Merits of pure line selection Limitations of pure line selection Mass selection Merits of mass selection Limitations of mass selection Chapter-10---Bulk-method_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development 10 Bulk method General procedure of bulk method Modifications of bulk method Salient features Genetic basis of bulk method Application of bulk method Merits of bulk method Limitations of bulk method Chapter-11---Pedigree-method_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development 11 Pedigree method General procedures for pedigree selection Modified pedigree methods Early modifications of pedigree method Early generation yield testing Genetic basis of pedigree method Application of pedigree method Examples of pedigree method and its modifications in legume cultivars Examples of modified pedigree method in the development of wheat cultivars Merits of pedigree method Limitations of pedigree method Writing pedigree and selection history F# and S# symbols Single gene example with two homozygous parents Using “Fx:y” or “Sx:y” to describe breeding lines according to the generation they were derived Writing a standard pedigree Writing a backcross pedigree Assigning an identity number to each cross or backcross Recording selection history using a Breeder’s cross identification designation Chapter-12---Single-seed-descent-me_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Develop 12 Single seed descent method Chapter-13---Backcross-method_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development 13 Backcross method The recurrent parent Maintenance of the character under transfer General out-line of the backcross method Dominant gene transfer Recessive gene transfer Backcrossing procedures in different scenarios Modifications of the backcross method Genetic basis of the backcross method Number of backcrosses Seasons needed for backcrossing Application of the backcross method Merits of the backcross method Limitations of the backcross method Chapter-14---Mutation-breeding_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development 14 Mutation breeding Main classes of mutagenesis Types of mutations Spontaneous mutation and cultivar development Induced mutation and cultivar development Important factors to consider in mutation breeding Mutagen(s) and their doses Chemicals Radiation Choice of variety When to use mutation breeding Mutation breeding methodology Identification of mutations Scenario I: desired allele is recessive “a” Scenario II: desired allele is dominant “A” Major differences between seed and vegetatively propagated crops Chapter-15---Inbreeding-depression-and-_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Dev 15 Inbreeding depression and heterosis Effects of inbreeding Inbreeding depression Genetic hypotheses for inbreeding depression Heterosis Dominance hypothesis Overdominance hypothesis Dominance versus overdominance hypothesis Non-allelic gene interaction in heterosis Types of heterosis Fixation of heterosis Asexual reproduction Apomixis Balanced polymorphism Polyploidy Chapter-16---Population-improvemen_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Developm 16 Population improvement Interpopulation improvement Reciprocal recurrent selection General outline of reciprocal recurrent selection—half sib Genetic basis of reciprocal recurrent selection—half sib Merits of reciprocal recurrent selection Full-sib reciprocal recurrent selection General outline of full-sib reciprocal recurrent selection Genetic basis of full-sib reciprocal recurrent selection Merit of full-sib reciprocal recurrent selection Intrapopulation improvement Mass selection Differences between mass selection and phenotypic recurrent selection General outline of mass selection Genetic basis of mass selection Merits of mass-selection Limitations of mass-selection Application of mass-selection Modified mass-selection General outline of modified mass-selection Application of modified mass-selection Family selection methods (genotypic selection) A. Ear-to-row selection 1. Ear-to-row selection method (half-sib) General outline of ear-to-row selection Genetic basis of ear-to-row method Merits of ear-to-row method Limitations of ear-to-row method 2. Modified ear-to-row selection method General outline of the modified ear-to-row selection Genetic basis of modified ear-to-row selection Applications of modified ear-to-row selection Merits of modified ear-to-row selection Limitation of modified ear-to-row selection B. Full-sib family selection General outline of full-sib selection Example of the full-sib selection Genetic basis of full-sib selection Merits of full-sib selection Limitations of full-sib selection C. Selfed (S1 and S2) family selection General outline of S1 family selection Genetic basis of S1/S2 family selection Merits of S1/S2 family selection Limitation of S1/S2 family selection Recurrent selection schemes Recurrent selection for combining ability General outline of recurrent selection for combining ability Genetic basis of recurrent selection for combining ability Merits of recurrent selection for combining ability Limitation of recurrent selection for combining ability Chapter-17---Recurrent-selection-in-self-p_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar- 17 Recurrent selection in self-pollinated crops Phenotypic (mass) recurrent selection with or without recombination between cycles of selection Progeny evaluation with or without the use of male sterility DSM system for broadening the germplasm of breeding programs S1 and half-sibs progeny recurrent selection with or without the use of male sterility Use of single seed descent with cyclical selection procedures Integration of recurrent selection with genomic selection Advantages of recurrent selection Limitations of recurrent selection Chapter-18---Synthetic-and-composite-v_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Deve 18 Synthetic and composite varieties Synthetic varieties General outline of producing synthetic varieties Genetic basis of synthetic varieties Synthetic varieties in forage crops Tests to measure combining ability General procedure of synthetic variety production for forage crops particularly those propagated clonally Broad-based and narrow-based synthetics Applications of synthetic varieties Merits of synthetic varieties Limitations of synthetic varieties Composite varieties General outline of composite variety development Merits of composite varieties Limitations of composite varieties Chapter-19---Hybrid-varieties_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development 19 Hybrid varieties Steps in the development of hybrid varieties Production of inbred lines Testing of inbred lines Prediction of hybrid performance Improvement of existing parental lines or their replacement Seed production of hybrids Use of cytoplasmic male sterility in the seed production of hybrid Hybrid varieties in horticultural plants Hybrid varieties in self-pollinated crops Male sterility Self-incompatibility How to overcome self-incompatibility? Implications of self-incompatibility in plant breeding Chapter-20---Breeding-methods-used-in-as_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-De 20 Breeding methods used in asexual crops Features of vegetatively propagated crops Breeding approaches Clonal selection Advantages of clonal selection Limitation of clonal selection Hybridization Advantages of hybridization approach Limitation of hybridization approach Achievements of hybridization in asexual species Micropropagation Mutation breeding approaches in asexual crops Handling of mutation-induced segregating generations Achievements of induced mutations in asexual species Advantage of induced mutations Limitations of induced mutations Apomixis Obligate and facultative apomixis Identification of apomixis Use of apomixis in plant breeding Maintenance of apomixis Exploitation of apomixis Advantages of apomixis Limitations of apomixis Chapter-21---Breeding-for-resistance-to-ab_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar- 21 Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses Mechanisms of resistance Types of abiotic stresses Water deficit stress Escape Avoidance Tolerance Drought recovery Chemical Waterlogging stress Temperature stress High temperature stress Low temperature stress Chilling stress Freezing stress Soil nutrient stress Salinity and salt stress Acid mineral stress or acid soil stress Boron toxicity stress Iron deficiency chlorosis stress Breeding approaches Direct approach Indirect approach Development of suitable selection criteria Selection Hybridization Intraspecific hybridization Interspecific hybridization Mutation breeding Production of doubled haploid The cell/tissue culture approach Molecular approach and its integration in breeding pipeline Chapter-22---Breeding-for-resistance-to-b_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-D 22 Breeding for resistance to biotic stresses Disease triangle Definition of resistance Types of genetic resistance to diseases Breeding for quantitative resistance Breeding for field resistance with qualitative resistance Gene islands Inheritance of resistance to diseases Differential sets Inheritance of virulence to plant pathogens Gene-for-gene concept Types of genetic resistance to insect-pests Methods of breeding for resistance to biotic stresses Cross-pollinated crops Mass selection/recurrent selection Line breeding Polycross Synthetic/hybrid varieties Self-pollinated crops Mass selection Pure line selection Hybridization Mutation breeding Vegetatively propagated crops Management of disease and insect-pest resistance Recycling and sequential release of resistance gene(s) Pyramiding of resistance gene(s) Regional deployment of resistance genes Chromosome or genome substitutions Multiline cultivars Refuge-In-A-Bag Breeding for multiple trait resistance Chapter-23---Intellectual-property-rights-_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar- 23 Intellectual property rights and protection Intellectual property rights Copyright Industrial design Layout design of integrated circuits Trademark Geographical indications Trade secret Patent Novelty Inventiveness (Non-obviousness) Usefulness Limits of a patent Plant Breeder’s Right Restrictions to the holders’ rights Breeder’s exemption Farmer’s privilege Farmer’s rights Advantages of PBR Disadvantages of PBR Chapter-24---Participatory-plant-bre_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Develo 24 Participatory plant breeding Participatory varietal selection Client oriented plant breeding or participatory plant breeding Goals of client oriented plant breeding Main stages of client oriented plant breeding Main types of participation in participatory breeding Justification for client oriented breeding approach and plant breeding considerations Changes in breeding methodology to maximize farmer-scientist collaboration Comparison of experiment station-based plant breeding and participatory plant breeding Chapter-25---Breeding-of-crop-ideot_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Develop 25 Breeding of crop ideotypes Maize (Zea mays L.) Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) Black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) Considerations for ideotype breeding Chapter-26---Field-plot-designs-in-plan_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Dev 26 Field plot designs in plant breeding Fundamentals of experimental designs Common replicated experimental designs in plant breeding and cultivar development Completely randomized design Randomized complete block design Incomplete block designs Common unreplicated designs in plant breeding and cultivar development Check plot method Grid method Honeycomb method Moving average method Spatial analysis or covariance adjustment Augmented designs and its variations P-rep designs Chapter-27---Molecular-tools-in-crop-improveme_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Culti 27 Molecular tools in crop improvement and cultivar development Identification of molecular markers linked to gene or Quantitative Trait Loci of interest Genome wide association studies Marker assisted backcrossing Marker assisted recurrent selection Genomic selection Other examples of molecular marker application in plant breeding Practical consideration of marker applications in a breeding program Plant transformation for crop improvement Genome editing technology for crop improvement Chapter-28---Phenomics-and-machine-learning-_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultiva 28 Phenomics and machine learning in crop improvement Phenomics Phenotyping systems Aerial based field phenotyping systems Ground based field phenotyping systems Controlled environment phenotyping Sensors Data analytics Machine learning An overview of the machine learning approach Deep learning Phenomics and machine learning applications in plant breeding Smart breeding Bibliography_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development Bibliography References Index_2021_Plant-Breeding-and-Cultivar-Development Index Backcover Plant Breeding And Cultivar Development Features An Optimal Balance Between Classical And Modern Tools And Techniques Related To Plant Breeding. Written For A Global Audience And Based On The Extensive International Experience Of The Authors, The Book Features Pertinent Examples From Major And Minor World Crops. Advanced Data Analytics (machine Learning), Phenomics And Artificial Intelligence Are Explored In The Book's 30 Chapters That Cover Classical And Modern Plant Breeding. By Presenting These Advancements In Specific Detail, Private And Public Sector Breeding Programs Will Learn About New, Effective And Efficient Implementation. The Insights Are Clear Enough That Non-plant Breeding Majoring Students Will Find It Useful To Learn About The Subject, While Advanced Level Students And Researchers And Practitioners Will Find Practical Examples That Help Them Implement Their Work. Bridges The Gap Between Conventional Breeding Practices And State-of-the-art Technologies Provides Real-world Case Studies Of A Wide Range Of Plant Breeding Techniques And Practices Combines Insights From Genetics, Genomics, Breeding Science, Statistics, Computer Science And Engineering For Crop Improvement And Cultivar Development