PLANNING AND OPERATION OF PLUG-IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES : technical, geographical, and social... aspects

This book highlights the latest advancements in the planning and operation of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV). In-depth, the book presents essential planning and operation techniques to manage the PEV fleet and handle the related uncertainties associated with the drivers’ behavior. Several viewpoints are presented in the book, ranging from the local distribution companies to generation companies to the aggregators. Problems such as parking lot allocation and charging management are investigated, taking into consideration the technical, geographical, and social aspects in a smart grid infrastructure. * Discusses the technical specifications of electrical distribution and generation systems; * Models drivers’ behavior from the sociology and economic points of view; * Considers the real geographical characteristics of area and driving routes in San Francisco, CA, US; Chicago, IL, US; and Tehran, Iran. Preface 5 Contents 8 Chapter 1: Studying the Effects of Plug-In Electric Vehicles on the Real Power Markets Demand Considering the Technical and So... 12 1.1 Introduction 12 1.2 Modelling the Social and Technical Aspects of Problem 15 1.2.1 Social Stratification of Drivers 15 1.2.2 Technical Aspect 17 1.3 Simulation Results 21 1.3.1 Base Case 21 1.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis with Respect to Value of Incentive 22 1.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis with Respect to Social Class of Drivers 23 1.4 Conclusion 25 References 31 Chapter 2: Studying the Effects of Optimal Fleet Management of Plug-In Electric Vehicles on the Unit Commitment Problem Consid... 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Modelling the Social and Technical Aspects of Problem 36 2.2.1 Social Classification of Drivers 36 2.2.2 Technical Aspect 37 2.3 Optimization Technique 38 2.4 Problem Formulation 40 2.4.1 Objective Function of Problem 40 2.4.2 Cost Terms of Problem 41 2.4.3 Constraints of Problem 42 2.5 Simulation Results 43 2.5.1 Base Case 43 2.5.1.1 Low-Income Drivers 43 2.5.1.2 Moderate-Income Drivers 46 2.5.1.3 High-Income Drivers 47 2.5.2 Sensitivity Analysis for Operation Cost 48 2.5.3 Effects of Unrealistic Modelling of Drivers ́ Social Class 52 2.5.3.1 Minimum Operation Cost and Optimal Incentive 52 2.5.3.2 Generation Scheduling and Commitment of Units 52 2.6 Conclusion 53 References 56 Chapter 3: Spinning Reserve Capacity Provision by the Optimal Fleet Management of Plug-In Electric Vehicles Considering the Te... 58 3.1 Introduction 58 3.2 Modelling the Social and Technical Aspects of Problem 60 3.2.1 Social Classification of Drivers 60 3.2.2 Technical Aspect 62 3.3 Optimization Technique 63 3.4 Problem Formulation 64 3.4.1 Objective Function of Problem 64 3.4.2 Cost Terms of Problem 65 3.4.3 Constraints of Problem 67 3.5 Simulation Results 68 3.5.1 Base Case 68 3.5.1.1 Low-Income Drivers 70 3.5.1.2 Moderate-Income Drivers 74 3.5.1.3 High-Income Drivers 74 3.5.2 Sensitivity Analysis for Total Cost of Problem 76 3.5.3 Effects of Unrealistic Modelling of Drivers ́ Social Class 78 3.6 Conclusion 79 References 82 Chapter 4: Robust Operation of a Reconfigurable Electrical Distribution System by Optimal Charging Management of Plug-In Elect... 84 4.1 Introduction 84 4.2 Proposed Approach 88 4.2.1 Modelling the Geographical, Social, and Technical Aspects of Problem 88 4.2.2 Stochastic Model Predictive Control 91 4.2.2.1 Model Predictive Control 91 4.2.2.2 Stochastic Approach 92 4.2.3 Optimization Technique 95 4.3 Problem Formulation 96 4.3.1 Objective Function 96 4.3.2 Cost Terms 96 4.3.2.1 Energy Loss Cost 96 4.3.2.2 ENS Cost 97 4.3.2.3 DSR Cost 97 4.3.2.4 FM Cost 98 4.3.2.5 ESS Operation Cost 98 4.3.3 Constraints 99 4.3.3.1 Voltage Stability of Buses 99 4.3.3.2 Thermal Capacity of Branches of Feeders 99 4.3.3.3 Radiality and Connectivity of System 99 4.3.3.4 Power Limit of a PEV for G2V and V2G 100 4.3.3.5 SOC Limits of a PEV 100 4.3.3.6 Power Limit of an ESS 100 4.3.3.7 SOC Limits of an ESS 100 4.3.3.8 Zero-Energy Constraint of an ESS 100 4.4 Problem Simulation 101 4.4.1 Characteristics of System and Problem 101 4.4.2 Simulating the Problem in Different Scenarios 102 4.4.2.1 Scenario 1 104 4.4.2.2 Scenario 2 104 4.4.2.3 Scenario 3 106 4.5 Conclusion 109 References 111 Chapter 5: Optimal Operation of a Plug-In Electric Vehicle Parking Lot in the Energy Market Considering the Technical, Social,... 114 5.1 Introduction 114 5.2 Modelling the Geographical, Social, and Technical Aspects of Problem 116 5.2.1 Drivers ́ Behavioral Models 116 5.2.2 Driving Routes 118 5.2.3 State of Charge of PEVs 120 5.2.4 Arrival and Departure Time of PEVs 121 5.2.5 Equipping the Parking Lot with Renewables 124 5.3 Problem Formulation 126 5.3.1 Objective Function 126 5.3.1.1 Incentive Cost 127 5.3.1.2 Electricity Purchasing Cost 127 5.3.1.3 Electricity Selling Income 128 5.3.1.4 PEVs ́ Batteries Degradation Cost 128 5.3.2 Equality Constraints 128 5.3.2.1 Demand-Generation Balance Constraint 128 5.3.2.2 PEV ́s SOC Constraint 129 5.3.3 Inequality Constraints 130 5.3.3.1 Parking Lot ́s Maximum Power Constraint 130 5.3.3.2 Buying-Selling Constraint 130 5.3.3.3 V2G and G2V Power Constraint 130 5.3.3.4 V2G-G2V Constraint 131 5.3.4 Lower and Upper Bounds of Variables 131 5.4 Mixed Integer Linear Programing as the Optimization Technique 132 5.5 Problem Simulation 133 5.5.1 Primary Data of Problem 133 5.5.2 Studying the Problem with Tesla Model S 136 5.5.2.1 Low-Income Drivers 136 5.5.2.2 Moderate-Income Drivers 139 5.5.2.3 High-Income Drivers 142 5.5.2.4 Sensitivity Analyses 143 5.5.3 Studying the Other PEV Types 148 5.6 Conclusion 149 References 155 Chapter 6: Optimal Placement and Sizing of Parking Lots for the Plug-In Electric Vehicles Considering the Technical, Social, a... 157 6.1 Introduction 157 6.2 Modelling the Geographical and Social Aspects of Problem 161 6.2.1 Modelling Drivers ́ Behavior 161 6.2.2 Driving Routes in San Francisco 164 6.3 Modelling Voltage-Dependent Load 166 6.4 Modelling Feeder ́s Failure Rate 168 6.5 Problem Formulation 173 6.5.1 Objective Function 173 6.5.2 Cost Terms 174 6.5.2.1 Investment Cost 174 6.5.2.2 Maintenance Cost 174 6.5.2.3 Incentive Cost 175 6.5.2.4 Energy Loss Cost 175 6.5.2.5 ENS Cost 176 6.5.3 Problem Constraints 177 6.5.3.1 Power Flow of Branches 177 6.5.3.2 Voltage Profile of Buses 177 6.6 Optimization Technique 177 6.7 Problem Simulation 180 6.7.1 Technical Specifications of System and Problem 180 6.7.2 Studying the Primary Condition of System 187 6.7.3 Studying the Effects of Social Class of Drivers 188 6.7.4 Studying the Effects of PEV Penetration Level 196 6.7.5 Studying the Effects of PEV Type 201 6.7.6 Studying the Effects of Feeder ́s Failure Rate 204 6.7.7 Studying the Effects of Voltage-Dependent Load 209 6.8 Conclusion 212 References 216 Chapter 7: Estimating the State of Charge of Plug-In Electric Vehicle Fleet Applying Monte Carlo Markov Chain 218 7.1 Introduction 218 7.2 Dataset 220 7.3 Method of Analysis 224 7.4 Simulation Results 232 7.4.1 Base Case 232 7.4.2 Studying the Effect of Parameters 236 7.4.2.1 Initial Value of Model Parameters 236 7.4.2.2 Maximum Variation of Model Parameters 237 7.4.2.3 Total Number of Iterations 240 7.4.2.4 PEVs with Different Technical Specifications 240 7.5 Conclusion 241 References 243 Index 245 Front Matter ....Pages i-xii Studying the Effects of Plug-In Electric Vehicles on the Real Power Markets Demand Considering the Technical and Social Aspects (Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili)....Pages 1-21 Studying the Effects of Optimal Fleet Management of Plug-In Electric Vehicles on the Unit Commitment Problem Considering the Technical and Social Aspects (Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili)....Pages 23-47 Spinning Reserve Capacity Provision by the Optimal Fleet Management of Plug-In Electric Vehicles Considering the Technical and Social Aspects (Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili)....Pages 49-74 Robust Operation of a Reconfigurable Electrical Distribution System by Optimal Charging Management of Plug-In Electric Vehicles Considering the Technical, Social, and Geographical Aspects (Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili)....Pages 75-104 Optimal Operation of a Plug-In Electric Vehicle Parking Lot in the Energy Market Considering the Technical, Social, and Geographical Aspects (Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili)....Pages 105-147 Optimal Placement and Sizing of Parking Lots for the Plug-In Electric Vehicles Considering the Technical, Social, and Geographical Aspects (Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili)....Pages 149-209 Estimating the State of Charge of Plug-In Electric Vehicle Fleet Applying Monte Carlo Markov Chain (Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili)....Pages 211-237 Back Matter ....Pages 239-245