Planetary Sciences

What can emission lines tell us about an astrophysical object? This book answers that question for a host of objects, including supernovae and active galactic nuclei, across a broad range of wavelengths. The editors present sixteen review articles from internationally renowned experts in a coherent overview of the latest data, techniques and applications of the study of emission lines. Subjects include the theory of radiative transfer, shocks, photoionization, and expanding atmospheres, as well as Doppler tomography, X-ray plasmas, IR and UV spectroscopy, molecular diagnostics, spectropolarimetry and gamma-ray lines. Together these review articles provide a unique and up-to-date overview of the analysis of emission lines. In this way, they provide an excellent introduction and reference for graduate students and professionals in astronomy and physics 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Inventory of the Solar System -- 1.2. Planetary Properties -- 1.3. Formation of the Solar System -- 2. Dynamics -- 2.1. The Two-Body Problem -- 2.2. The Three-Body Problem -- 2.3. 'Planetary' Perturbations and Resonances -- 2.4. Long-Term Stability of Planetary Orbits -- 2.5. Orbits About an Oblate Planet -- 2.6. Tides -- 2.7. Dissipative Forces and the Orbits of Small Bodies -- 3. Solar Heating and Energy Transport -- 3.1. Energy Balance and Temperature -- 3.2. Energy Transport -- 3.3. Radiative Equilibrium in an Atmosphere -- 4. Planetary Atmospheres -- 4.1. Density and Scale Height -- 4.2. Thermal Structure -- 4.3. Atmospheric Composition -- 4.4. Clouds -- 4.5. Meteorology -- 4.6. Photochemistry -- 4.7. Molecular and Eddy Diffusion -- 4.8. Atmospheric Escape -- 4.9. Evolution of Terrestrial Planet Atmospheres and Climate -- 5. Planetary Surfaces -- 5.1. Mineralogy and Petrology -- 5.2. Crystallization of a Magma -- 5.3. Surface Morphology -- 5.4. Impact Cratering -- 5.5. Surface Geology of Individual Bodies -- 6. Planetary Interiors -- 6.1. Modelling the Interior Structure of a Planet -- 6.2. Seismic Tomography and the Earth's Interior -- 6.3. Interior Structure of Other Terrestrial Bodies and Moons -- 6.4. Interior Structure of the Giant Planets -- 7. Planetary Magnetospheres and the Interplanetary Medium -- 7.1. The Interplanetary Medium -- 7.2. Magnetic Field Configuration: Mathematical Description -- 7.3. Magnetospheric Plasma and Particle Motions -- 7.4. Magnetospheres of Individual Bodies -- 7.5. Radio Emissions -- 7.6. Waves in Magnetospheres -- 7.7. Generation of Magnetic Fields -- 8. Meteorites -- 8.1. Basic Classification and Fall Statistics -- 8.2. Source Regions -- 8.3. Fall Phenomena: Atmospheric Entry to Impact -- 8.4. Chemical and Isotopic Fractionation -- 8.5. Radiometric Dating -- 8.6. Physical Characteristics of Chondrites -- 8.7. Meteorite Clues to the Formation of the Solar System -- 9. Asteroids -- 9.1. Orbits -- 9.2. Size Distribution and Collisional Evolution -- 9.3. Observing Techniques -- 9.4. Surface Composition -- 9.5. Structure -- 9.6. Origin and Evolution of the Asteroid Belt -- 10. Comets -- 10.1. Nomenclature -- 10.2. Cometary Orbits and Comet Reservoirs -- 10.3. Gaseous Coma -- 10.4. Dust -- 10.5. Magnetosphere -- 10.6. Nucleus -- 10.7. Comet Formation and Constraints on Theories of Solar System Formation -- 10.8. Future -- 11. Planetary Rings -- 11.1. Tidal Forces and Roche's Limit -- 11.2. Flattening and Spreading of Rings -- 11.3. Observations of Planetary Rings -- 11.4. Ring-Moon Interactions -- 11.5. Physics of Dust Rings -- 11.6. Meteoroid Bombardment of Planetary Rings -- 11.7. Origins of Planetary Rings -- 11.8. Summary -- 12. Planet Formation -- 12.1. Observational Constraints -- 12.2. Nucleosynthesis: A Concise Summary -- 12.3. Star Formation: A Brief Overview -- 12.4. Evolution of the Solar Nebula: The Protoplanetary Disk -- 12.5. Condensation and Growth of Solid Bodies -- 12.6. Formation of the Terrestrial Planets -- 12.7. Formation of the Giant Planets -- 12.8. Planetary Migration -- 12.9. Small Bodies in Orbit About the Sun -- 12.10. Planetary Rotation -- 12.11. Origin of Planetary Satellites -- 12.12. Confronting Theory with Observations -- 13. Extrasolar Planets -- 13.1. Physics and Sizes of Giant Planets, Brown Dwarfs and Low-Mass Stars -- 13.2. Detecting Extrasolar Planets -- 13.3. Observations of Extrasolar Planets -- 13.4. Models for the Formation of Planets Observed to Orbit Main Sequences Stars Other Than the Sun -- 13.5. Planets and Life -- 13.6. SETI -- 13.7. Conclusions The Space Age, With Lunar Missions And Interplanetary Probes, Has Revolutionized Our Understanding Of The Solar System. Planets And Large Moons Have Become Familiar Worlds, With A Diverse Range Of Properties. Large Numbers Of Asteroids, Comets And Small Moons Have Now Been Discovered, And Many Of These Objects Studied In Detail. As A Result, Our Understanding Of The Process Of Star And Planet Formation Is Increasing All The Time. Planetary Sciences Presents A Comprehensive Coverage Of This Fascinating And Expanding Field At A Level Appropriate For Graduate Students And Researchers In The Physical Sciences. The Book Explains The Wide Variety Of Physical, Chemical And Geological Processes That Govern The Motions And Properties Of Planets. Observations Of The Planets, Moons, Asteroids, Comets And Planetary Rings In Our Solar System, As Well As Extrasolar Planets, Are Described, And The Process Of Planetary Formation Is Discussed. 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Inventory Of The Solar System -- 1.2. Planetary Properties -- 1.3. Formation Of The Solar System -- 2. Dynamics -- 2.1. The Two-body Problem -- 2.2. The Three-body Problem -- 2.3. 'planetary' Perturbations And Resonances -- 2.4. Long-term Stability Of Planetary Orbits -- 2.5. Orbits About An Oblate Planet -- 2.6. Tides -- 2.7. Dissipative Forces And The Orbits Of Small Bodies -- 3. Solar Heating And Energy Transport -- 3.1. Energy Balance And Temperature -- 3.2. Energy Transport -- 3.3. Radiative Equilibrium In An Atmosphere -- 4. Planetary Atmospheres -- 4.1. Density And Scale Height -- 4.2. Thermal Structure -- 4.3. Atmospheric Composition -- 4.4. Clouds -- 4.5. Meteorology -- 4.6. Photochemistry -- 4.7. Molecular And Eddy Diffusion -- 4.8. Atmospheric Escape -- 4.9. Evolution Of Terrestrial Planet Atmospheres And Climate -- 5. Planetary Surfaces -- 5.1. Mineralogy And Petrology -- 5.2. Crystallization Of A Magma -- 5.3. Surface Morphology --^ 5.4. Impact Cratering -- 5.5. Surface Geology Of Individual Bodies -- 6. Planetary Interiors -- 6.1. Modelling The Interior Structure Of A Planet -- 6.2. Seismic Tomography And The Earth's Interior -- 6.3. Interior Structure Of Other Terrestrial Bodies And Moons -- 6.4. Interior Structure Of The Giant Planets -- 7. Planetary Magnetospheres And The Interplanetary Medium -- 7.1. The Interplanetary Medium -- 7.2. Magnetic Field Configuration: Mathematical Description -- 7.3. Magnetospheric Plasma And Particle Motions -- 7.4. Magnetospheres Of Individual Bodies -- 7.5. Radio Emissions -- 7.6. Waves In Magnetospheres -- 7.7. Generation Of Magnetic Fields -- 8. Meteorites -- 8.1. Basic Classification And Fall Statistics -- 8.2. Source Regions -- 8.3. Fall Phenomena: Atmospheric Entry To Impact -- 8.4. Chemical And Isotopic Fractionation -- 8.5. Radiometric Dating -- 8.6. Physical Characteristics Of Chondrites -- 8.7. Meteorite Clues To The Formation Of The Solar System -- 9. Asteroids --^ 9.1. Orbits -- 9.2. Size Distribution And Collisional Evolution -- 9.3. Observing Techniques -- 9.4. Surface Composition -- 9.5. Structure -- 9.6. Origin And Evolution Of The Asteroid Belt -- 10. Comets -- 10.1. Nomenclature -- 10.2. Cometary Orbits And Comet Reservoirs -- 10.3. Gaseous Coma -- 10.4. Dust -- 10.5. Magnetosphere -- 10.6. Nucleus -- 10.7. Comet Formation And Constraints On Theories Of Solar System Formation -- 10.8. Future -- 11. Planetary Rings -- 11.1. Tidal Forces And Roche's Limit -- 11.2. Flattening And Spreading Of Rings -- 11.3. Observations Of Planetary Rings -- 11.4. Ring-moon Interactions -- 11.5. Physics Of Dust Rings -- 11.6. Meteoroid Bombardment Of Planetary Rings -- 11.7. Origins Of Planetary Rings -- 11.8. Summary -- 12. Planet Formation -- 12.1. Observational Constraints -- 12.2. Nucleosynthesis: A Concise Summary -- 12.3. Star Formation: A Brief Overview -- 12.4. Evolution Of The Solar Nebula: The Protoplanetary Disk --^ 12.5. Condensation And Growth Of Solid Bodies -- 12.6. Formation Of The Terrestrial Planets -- 12.7. Formation Of The Giant Planets -- 12.8. Planetary Migration -- 12.9. Small Bodies In Orbit About The Sun -- 12.10. Planetary Rotation -- 12.11. Origin Of Planetary Satellites -- 12.12. Confronting Theory With Observations -- 13. Extrasolar Planets -- 13.1. Physics And Sizes Of Giant Planets, Brown Dwarfs And Low-mass Stars -- 13.2. Detecting Extrasolar Planets -- 13.3. Observations Of Extrasolar Planets -- 13.4. Models For The Formation Of Planets Observed To Orbit Main Sequences Stars Other Than The Sun -- 13.5. Planets And Life -- 13.6. Seti -- 13.7. Conclusions. Imke De Pater And Jack J. Lissauer. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 495-507) And Index. "This book presents comprehensive coverage of this field, and explains the wide variety of physical, chemical and geological processes that govern the motions and properties of planets. Observations of the planets, moons, asteroids, comets and planetary rings in our Solar System, as well as extrasolar planets, are described, and the process of planetary formation is discussed."