Places of Memory and Legacies in an Age of Insecurities and Globalization (Key Challenges in Geography)

In this book, practitioners and students discover perspectives on landscape, place, heritage, memory, emotions and geopolitics intertwined in evolving citizenship and democratization debates. This volume shows how memorialization can contribute to wider inclusive interpretations of history, tourism and human rights promoted by the European Project. It's geographies of memories can foster cooperation as witnessed throughout Europe during the 2014-18 WWI commemorations. Due to new world orders, geopolitical reconfigurations and ideals that emerged after 1918, many countries ranging from the Baltic and Russia to the Balkans, Turkey and Greece, eastern and central Europe to Ireland are continuing with commemorations regarding their specific memories in the wider Europe. Shared memorial spaces can act in post conflict areas as sites of reconciliation; nonetheless `the peace' cannot be taken for granted with insecurities, globalization, and nationalisms in the USA and Russia; the UK's Brexit stress and populist movements in Western Europe, Visegrád and Balkan countries. Citizen-fatigue is reflected in socio-political malaise mirrored in France's Yellow Vest movement and elsewhere. Empathy with other peoples' places of memory can assist citizens learn from the past. Memory sites promoted by the EU, Council of Europe and UNESCO may tend to homogenize local memories; nevertheless, they act as vectors in memorialization, stimulating debate and re-evaluating narratives. This textbook combines geographical, inter-cultural and inter-disciplinary approaches and perspectives on spaces of memory by a range of authors from different countries and traditions offers the reader diverse and holistic perspectives on cultural geography, dynamic geopolitics, globalization and citizenship. Preface Acknowledgements Contents Editor and Contributors Introduction: Approaching Sites of Memory Context, Legacies, Commemoration Context Legacies Commemoration Methodology and Process Original Research Call: For Places of Memory and Legacies Responses and Expressions of Interest Conclusions Reference Concepts and Theory—Sites of Memory—Centennials, Narratives, Social-Constructions, Legacies and Emotions WWI Centennials and Unfolding Legacies WWI: The War to End All Wars The First World War and Peace: Boundaries, Legacies and Commemorations Legacies and Ghosts in Land and Mind-Scapes Conclusions Geography: Place and Memory Nexus Introduction Heritage: The Cumulus of Human Inheritances Time, Pace, Human Life-Span and Memory Symbolic Cathedrals: Sites of Memory Narratives: Past and Present Ypres/Ieper Geography and Heritage Landscape Time, Place and Space Sites of Memory Sites: Shared Or Disputed Sites of Memory: Sites of Education Added Value of Sites of Memory in Formal and Informal Education Interdisciplinarity: Geographers, Historians and Historiographers Meta-Narratives Conclusions References Memories and Experiences Introduction: The Quest to Comprehend Time, Space and Memory Reflections on Time Memory, Phenomenology and Notre Dame De Paris Memory, Consciousness and Direct Experience—Phenomenology Contemporary Events, Making History and Princess Narratives Meghan, Duchess of Sussex Lady Diana, Princess of Wales Wembley Stadium Heritages Connecting Empathetically Anniversaries and Centenaries Destruction: People, Places and Memory Destruction of Heritage and Places of Memory Leuven/Louvain University Library Rheims Cathedral—Notre-Dame Less May be More: Destroyed Village Narratives Conclusions References Cultural Landscape and Heritage Sites Introduction: Regions and Sites Geography and World Heritage UNESCO: World Heritage Sites Regional Geography People-Centred Geography and Anthropology Interdisciplinary: Landscape, Emotions and Places of Memory Power, Democratization and the Use of Space: Parks and Squares Conclusions References Sustainable Development Versus Human-Made Atrocities—Never Again Introduction: Skills and Competencies—Past Histories Knowledge, Competencies and Skills Those Who Cannot or Else Refuse to Remember the Past Heritage and Sites of Conscience Sites of Conscience and Long-Time-Scales Heritage and Sites of Memory World Heritage Convention Crime, Heritage and Memory Each Site of Conscience Is Unique The Challenges of Racism Memory and Attempted Eradication of People, Culture and Sites Cultural Eradication Conclusions References The First World War and Peace: Boundaries, Legacies and Commemorations Kaleidoscoping Centennial Memories (2012–23) in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin Introduction: Commemorations and Glasnevin Cemetery Landscape and Organization Landscape Architecture Spatial Organization Glasnevin Cemetery—Spaces of Memory and Narratives: 1832—Present Contexts Discovering Glasnevin Cemetery Death and Religion: Framing of the God Narratives New Memorials and Commemorations The 1916 Remembrance Wall 2014: Dedication of the Cross of Sacrifice, Glasnevin Cemetery 2016: Dedication of the France-Ireland Memorial Spatiality of Memorials Clashing Narratives Surrounding Why Irishmen Volunteered to Join the British Forces. Colonialism, Post-colonialism and Today Women, Revolution and Glasnevin Tourism, Including Museum Events Glasnevin Cemetery Museum Re-Imagining Glasnevin Cemetery and Framing Future Narratives Traditional Ethno-Religious and Nationalist Narratives Ethno-Religious Constructions Framing the Nationalisms Nationalisms and Post-colonialism Ireland: Memories and Trajectories Conclusions References ‘Nowhere to Pay Our Respects’: Constructing Memorials for the Irish Dead of World War I in the Republic of Ireland, 2006–2018 Introduction World War I Commemoration in Ireland, 1919–1939 The Irish National War Memorial, Islandbridge, Dublin Commemoration in Ireland Post 1939 Commemoration in Ireland Post-1995 Commemoration of World War I in Ireland 2006–2018 Contemporary Commemoration: Origins and Motivations Funding Memorial Structures Design and Symbolism of Memorials Siting the Memorials Creating Spaces of Remembrance: Actions and Reactions Conclusions References Cultural Geographies of Gallipoli: Commemorations and Identity Introduction The Gallipoli Campaign Commemorating Gallipoli in Turkey Locational Aspect Spatial Aspect The Case of Balıkesir High School Material Aspect The National Park: Protection of the Gallipoli Battlefield Conclusions References A New Memory Space: Sarikamiş (Kars/Turkey) Introduction Sarikamiş and the WWI Campaign Events Leading up to Operation Sarikamiş The Aftermath of Operation Sarikamiş Military Losses: Archieves and Historians How Sarıkamış Became a Memory Space References From the Great War to Interwar Fortifications: Changing Narratives Attached to the Military Landscape in Western Slovenia Introduction The Soča/Isonzo Front and Memorialization Narratives The “Rediscovery” of the Interwar Fortifications Conclusions References Trieste: Many Dimensions of a Disputed Port-City—At the Crossroads of Spaces and Times Introduction: 100 Years Since the Great War Trieste: At the Heart of Borders A Culture Received, Built and Distributed A City Where Opposites Meet Memory in the Stones A City of All and None The geographer's Eye The Unstoppable Force of Progress The Irreplaceable Role of the Empire Between Cosmopolitanism and Municipalism References Legacies and Ghosts in Landscapes and Mindscapes Encounters Between Islam and Christianity: Mohács and Kosovo Polje Introduction Great Battles Against the Ottoman Empire: Impact on Identity Formation and Culture Mohács 1526—Memorial Landscape (Geo)Political Utilization of the Memorial Site of the Battle of Mohács Memorial Landscape: Kosovo Polje 1389 Changing Political Contexts: Kosovo Polje Battlefield Conclusions References Syria: Memorializing Past and Present ‘Martyrs’ Under Fire Introduction The Legacy of WWI The Memory of Martyrs as a Factor in Forging National Identity Commemorating Martyrs After the 2011 Uprising Producing a Stronger Myth of Martyrdom Reinforcing the Appeal to National Unity Against Imperial Powers Conclusions References Of—Borders and Memories: Erased Boundaries in the Land of Israel Introduction Israel’s Borders Changes at the Israeli Boundaries Erased Boundaries The Israel-Lebanon Border The Green Line The Mandelbaum Gate and Museum on the Seam The Israel—Syria Border Discussion Memorialization: Factors Acting to Preserve the Border Conclusions References The Conservation of Traumatic Ruins: A Piece of Memorabilia to Perform Urban Resilience Introduction The Fate of the Ruins A Short History of the Voluntary Conservation of Urban Ruins Conserving Ruins to Prevent Future Risk The Urban Functions of the Ruins Conclusions References Architectural Trends: Cultural and Social Affinities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH) Introduction Historical-Cultural Contexts Architectural Dialogue: Human-Environmental Relationships Architecture and Socio-cultural Processes Modern Architectural Expressions The Historical Context of BIH Society The Interwar Period The New Social Reality Character of Building and Political Ideologies Relationship Between Private and Public Domain New Social Needs and the New Spatial Program Conclusions References Housing Memories in Riga: WWI and Its Aftermath—Representation of the Apartment in Soviet Cinema and Now Introduction The Modern Era: The Path Towards Independence Ahead of New Changes: The Period of Independence Memories of a Soviet Apartment: Idealized Residential Space in Soviet Cinema Have We Inherited the Desire to Record an Apartment? References Lessons From the Past Inclusive Heritage, Conflict Commemoration and the Centenary of World War One in Northern Ireland Introduction Discourse Analysis: ‘Authorised’ Versus ‘Inclusive’ Heritage Conflict Heritage and the Museums Sector in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland’s ‘Contested Heritage’: The Decade of Centenaries/Anniversaries Living Legacies 1914–18—A WWI Public Engagement Centre Living Legacies: ‘From Past Conflict to Shared Future’ Sharing ‘Contested Heritage’ in Divided Societies Conclusion: Inclusive Heritage, Conflict Commemoration and Divided Societies References Gibraltar: Recovery and Memorialisation of the First World War in the 21st Century Introduction The Absence of an ‘Official’ Gibraltar Story for WWI Remembrance Sunday: Lest We Forget and the Gibraltar Chronicle Memorialization of a Gibraltar History Lies in Education Contact Zone Gibraltar: US Navy Perspectives Gibraltar: Local Narratives Gibraltar: Remembrance Exhibitions and Recitals Gibraltar Now ‘Recognised’—National Memorial Arboretum, Lichfield, UK Concluding Remarks References The Heritage of Trauma: Commemorative Monuments of the Asia Minor Catastrophe in Greece Introduction Historical Background: Greek and Turkish Nationalisms Human Geography: Categories of Trauma Asia Minor Commemorative Monuments in Greece ‘The Monument of Asia Minores and Unforgotten Homelands’, Nea Philadelfia, Athens ‘The Monument of Asia Minor Hellenism’ in Herakleion, Crete ‘The History of Pisidia’, Nea Ionia Station, Athens Discussion: Remembering Trauma on the Ground Epilogue: On the Pedagogical Value of the Commemorative Monuments References Remembrance, Space, Education: Emancipatory and Activist Approaches Through (Geo-)media Introduction Holocaust Education, Citizenship Education and the (Austrian) Curriculum Remembrance and (Geo)—Media: the Scientific Discourse Places of Remembrance, Geomedia and Learning: An Activist Approach Working with Geomedia and Wikis: Deportation Histories in Vienna Experiences and Conclusions References Overall Concludins/Typo References Exploring Places of Memory and Their Legacies: Self-directed Learning, Activities and Questions for Reflection and Revision Introduction Educational Tools and Methodologies Key Sources for Researching World War I Places of Memory Artistic Representations of WWI: Cinema, Literature, Art and Music Starting Points for the Use of Artistic Sources to Examine Places of Memory Using Movies to Consider Key Questions: What Were the Main Causes of WWI? Using Movies to Explore Complex, Multi-layered Events: Appraising the Gallipoli Narratives Part I: Concepts and Theory—Sites of Memory—Centennials, Narratives, Social-Constructions, Legacies and Emotions Part II: The First World War and Peace: Boundaries, Legacies and Commemorations Part III: Legacies and Ghosts in Landscapes and Mindscapes Part IV: Lessons from the Past Building Understanding and Promoting Reconciliation: Final Suggestions References In this book, practitioners and students discover perspectives on landscape, place, heritage, memory, emotions and geopolitics intertwined in evolving citizenship and democratization debates. This volume shows how memorialization can contribute to wider inclusive interpretations of history, tourism and human rights promoted by the European Project. Its geographies of memories can foster cooperation as witnessed throughout Europe during the 2014-18 WWI commemorations. Due to new world orders, geopolitical reconfigurations and ideals that emerged after 1918, many countries ranging from the Baltic and Russia to the Balkans, Turkey and Greece, eastern and central Europe to Ireland are continuing with commemorations regarding their specific memories in the wider Europe. Shared memorial spaces can act in post conflict areas as sites of reconciliation; nonetheless 'the peace' cannot be taken for granted with insecurities, globalization, and nationalisms in the USA and Russia; the UK's Brexit stress and populist movements in Western Europe, Visegrad and Balkan countries. Citizen-fatigue is reflected in socio-political malaise mirrored in France's Yellow Vest movement and elsewhere. Empathy with other peoples' places of memory can assist citizens learn from the past. Memory sites promoted by the EU, Council of Europe and UNESCO may tend to homogenize local memories; nevertheless, they act as vectors in memorialization, stimulating debate and re-evaluating narratives. This textbook combines geographical, inter-cultural and inter-disciplinary approaches and perspectives on spaces of memory by a range of authors from different countries and traditions offers the reader diverse and holistic perspectives on cultural geography, dynamic geopolitics, globalization and citizenship