Piping Engineering : Preventing Fugitive Emission in the Oil and Gas Industry

Eliminate or reduce unwanted emissions with the piping engineering techniques and strategies contained in this book Piping Engineering: Preventing Fugitive Emission in the Oil and Gas Industry is a practical and comprehensive examination of strategies for the reduction or avoidance of fugitive emissions in the oil and gas industry. The book covers key considerations and calculations for piping and fitting design and selection, maintenance, and troubleshooting to eliminate or reduce emissions, as well as the various components that can allow for or cause them, including piping flange joints. The author explores leak detection and repair (LDAR), a key technique for managing fugitive emissions. He also discusses piping stresses, like principal, displacement, sustained, occasional, and reaction loads, and how to calculate these loads and acceptable limits. Various devices to tighten the bolts for flanges are described, as are essential flange fabrications and installation tolerances. The book also includes: Various methods and calculations for corrosion rate calculation, flange leakage analysis, and different piping load measurements Industry case studies that include calculations, codes, and references Focuses on critical areas related to piping engineering to prevent emission, including material and corrosion, stress analysis, flange joints, and weld joints Coverage of piping material selection for offshore oil and gas and onshore refineries and petrochemical plants Ideal for professionals in the oil and gas industry and mechanical and piping engineers, Piping Engineering: Preventing Fugitive Emission in the Oil and Gas Industry is also a must-read resource for environmental engineers in the public and private sectors. Piping Engineering 2 Contents 6 Author Biography 10 1 An Introduction to Fugitive Emission, Piping Engineering, and LDAR 12 1.1 Introduction to Fugitive Emission 12 1.2 Introduction to Piping Engineering 16 1.3 Causes of Piping Failure and Leakage 19 1.4 Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) 24 1.4.1 Composite Repair 25 1.4.2 Mechanical Clamp Repair 25 1.4.3 Welded Leak Box Repair 26 1.4.4 External Weld Overlay 27 1.4.5 Sleeve Repair 28 1.5 Questions and Answers 29 Further Readings 32 2 Piping Pressure Design to Prevent Leakage and Emission 34 2.1 Introduction to Piping Design 34 2.2 Piping and Pipeline Wall Thickness Calculation 34 2.2.1 Piping Wall Thickness Calculation as per ASME B31.3 34 2.2.2 Pipeline Wall Thickness Calculation 43 2.3 Pipe Fittings Wall Thickness/Pressure Rating 62 2.4 Flange Pressure Rating and Thickness Selection 70 2.5 Questions and Answers 81 Further Readings 95 3 Piping Stress Analysis to Prevent Operational Failure 98 3.1 Introduction to Piping Stress Analysis 98 3.2 Principal Piping Stresses 98 3.3 Sustained Loads 107 3.4 Occasional Loads 117 3.4.1 Earthquake and Blast Load 117 3.4.2 Wind Load 120 3.5 Displacement Stress 122 3.5.1 Stress Intensification Factor (SIF) 138 3.6 Piping Reaction Forces 144 3.6.1 Pressure Safety/Relief Valve Reaction Force 144 3.6.2 Slug Flow Reaction Force 149 3.6.3 Water Hammering Load Calculation 154 3.7 Conclusion 156 3.8 Questions and Answers 157 Further Readings 164 4 Piping Flange Joints 166 4.1 Introduction 166 4.2 Flanges 168 4.2.1 Flange Standards 168 4.2.2 Flange Types 173 4.2.3 Flange Faces 186 4.2.4 Flange Surface (Face) Finish 195 4.2.5 Flange Identification 196 4.2.6 Flange Installation 196 4.3 Gaskets 201 4.3.1 Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets 202 4.3.2 Semimetallic Gaskets 203 4.3.3 Metallic Gaskets 207 4.4 Bolting (Bolts and Nuts) 208 4.4.1 Bolt Tightening 215 4.5 Mechanical Joints (Hubs and Clamps) 221 4.6 Compact Flanges 223 4.7 Questions and Answers 227 Appendix A 231 Further Readings 234 5 Piping Flange Joint Calculations 238 5.1 Introduction 238 5.2 Bolt Length Determination and Calculation 239 5.2.1 Long Bolt Length Calculation for Wafer Body Valves 247 5.2.2 Long Bolt Length Calculation for Flanges with Line Blanks 250 5.3 Flange Leakage Analysis 256 5.3.1 Bolting Characteristics 258 5.3.2 Gasket Behavior 264 5.3.3 Combination of Bolt Loads and Gasket Reaction 265 5.3.4 Flange Loading 273 5.3.5 Pressure Equivalent Method 280 5.4 Questions and Answers 281 Appendix A 286 Further Readings 288 6 Piping Material Selection and Corrosion Prevention 290 6.1 Introduction 290 6.2 Onshore Pipeline 292 6.2.1 Onshore Pipeline Material Selection 292 6.2.2 External Corrosion 293 6.2.3 Pipeline External Corrosion Protection 295 6.2.4 Pipeline Internal Corrosion Types and Mitigation 298 6.3 Onshore Piping 312 6.3.1 Onshore Piping Material Selection 312 6.3.2 Onshore Piping Corrosion Types 326 6.4 Offshore Piping 328 6.4.1 Offshore Piping Material Selection 328 6.4.2 Offshore Piping Corrosion Study 331 6.5 Questions and Answers 333 Further Readings 338 7 Piping Component Selection and Identification 340 7.1 Introduction and Overview 340 7.2 Pipe 340 7.3 Pipe Fittings 342 7.3.1 Fittings for Piping Route Change 342 7.3.2 Fittings for Pipe Size Change 347 7.3.3 Fittings for Branching 352 7.3.4 Fittings for Pipe Termination or Blinding 363 7.4 Questions and Answers 367 Further Readings 372 8 Piping Fabrication, Inspection, and Testing 374 8.1 Introduction and Overview 374 8.2 Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection 374 8.2.1 Welding 378 8.3 Inspection 389 8.3.1 Introduction 389 8.3.2 Welding Inspection 390 8.4 Piping Pressure Test 396 8.4.1 Test Media 397 8.4.2 Test Preparation 398 8.4.3 Test Implementation 398 8.5 Questions and Answers 400 Further Readings 404 Index 406 EULA 418