Phytonanotechnology

This book provides essential information on the role of phytonanotechnology in the removal of environmental pollutants and covers recent advances in experimental and theoretical studies on plant-derived nanoparticles. It also discusses their current and potential applications and challenges.The combination of nanotechnology and phytoremediation, which is called phytonanotechnology, have the potential to remove contaminants from the environment or degrade them. The efficiency of contaminant removal can be improved by combining both methods as they are complementary to each other.Phytonanotechnology offers the advantages of increased bioavailability, prolongation of heavy metal absorption time, and multiple metal removal, all contributing to improved efficacy and decreased toxicity in plants and surroundings. Therefore, there is immense scope for nature-derived molecules to be formulated into nanotechnology-based phytoremediation approaches targeting the specific heavy metal removal from effluents and surroundings. This encourages research initiatives to synthesize more phytonanotechnology based uptake plant systems with high efficiency. Efficient formulation targeting strategies and the evaluation of targeting efficiency of phytonanotechnology, conforming to international standards of their toxicology and biocompatibility, could pave the way for heavy metal uptake and removal by plant-based systems.This book serves as a valuable resource for postgraduate students, environmental scientists and materials scientists in academia and corporate research. Contents Plant Synthesized Nanoparticles for Dye Degradation 1 Introduction 2 Impact of Dyes on the Environment 2.1 Textile Industry 3 Synthesis of Plant-Derived Nanoparticle 3.1 Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles (NPs) 3.2 Synthesis of Silver NPs 3.3 Synthesis of ZnO NPs 3.4 Synthesis from Different Metallic NPs 4 Characterization of Plant-Derived Nanoparticles 4.1 UV Visible Spectrophotometer 4.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 4.3 X-Ray Diffraction 4.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy 4.5 Atomic Force Microscopy 4.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy 4.7 Thermo Gravimetric Analysis 4.8 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 5 Mechanism of Dye Degradation 5.1 Catalytic Degradation by Metal Nanoparticles with the Aid of Reducing Agent 5.2 Photocatalytic Degradation by Silver Nanoparticles 5.3 Application of Plant-Derived Nanoparticles for Dye Degradation 6 Future Prospectives and Conclusions References Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation 1 Introduction 2 Need for Dye Degradation 2.1 Dyes 2.2 Classification of Dyes 2.3 Natural Dyes 2.4 Synthetic Dyes 2.5 Dyes Impact Living Things, and the Environment 3 The Superiority of Plant-Mediated Routes Over Other Routes 3.1 Comparative Study of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials 4 Possible Mechanism of Degradation 4.1 Charge Carriers’ Formation/Generation 4.2 Charge Carriers Trapping 4.3 Charge Carriers’ Recombination 4.4 Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes 5 Photocatalysts 5.1 ZnO NPs 5.2 CuO NPs 5.3 CaO NPs 5.4 TiO2 NPs 5.5 Ag NPs 5.6 Au NPs 6 Future Scope of the Chapter 7 Conclusions References Plant-Derived Nanoparticles for Heavy Metal Remediation 1 Introduction 2 Plant-Derived Synthesis of Nanomaterials 2.1 Plant-Derived Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 2.2 Plant-Derived Synthesis of Nano Metal Oxides 2.3 Plant-Derived Carbon Dots Synthesis 3 Heavy Metal Remediation 3.1 Plant Derived Metal Nanoparticles for Heavy Metal Remediation 3.2 Plant Derived Metaloxide Nanoparticles for Heavy Metal Remediation 3.3 Plant Derived Carbon Dots for Heavy Metal Remediation 4 Conclusion References Biomedical Applications of Phytonanotechnology 1 Introduction 1.1 Different Approaches to Synthesize Phytonanoparticles 2 Phytonanoformulations and their Diversified Therapeutic Applications 2.1 As an Anticancer Agent 2.2 As Antimicrobial Agents 2.3 As Wound Healing Agents 2.4 As Drug and Gene Delivery Agents 2.5 In Neurodegenerative Disorders 2.6 As an Anti-Diabetic Agent 2.7 In the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders 2.8 As Thrombolytic Agents 3 Conclusions and Future Prospective References Application of Nanotechnology in Plant Secondary Metabolites Production 1 Introduction 2 Importance of Nanoparticles Under Stress Conditions 2.1 Abiotic Stress 2.2 Drought Stress and Nanoparticles 2.3 Salinity Stress and Nanoparticles 2.4 Metal Toxicity and Nanoparticles 2.5 Biotic Stress 3 Antifungal Properties of Nanoparticles 4 Anti-bacterial Properties of Nanoparticles 5 Interaction of Nanoparticles in Plants 5.1 Nanoparticle’s Uptake 5.2 Nanoparticle–Plant Interactions 5.3 Role of Nanoparticles in Plant Secondary Metabolites 6 Impact of Metal Nanoparticles 6.1 Silver 6.2 Gold 6.3 Zinc 7 Impact of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 7.1 Iron Oxide 7.2 Zinc Oxide 7.3 Titanium Dioxide 7.4 Copper Oxide 7.5 Engineered Nanoparticles 8 Conclusion and Future Directions References Applications of Nanotechnology in Preservation and Development of the Plants: A Look Back 1 Introduction 2 Agriculture’s Next Frontier: Nano-Farming 3 Nanomaterials in Plant Science 4 Nanofertilisers Are a Cost-Effective Way to Provide Optimum Crop Nutrition 5 Plant Nanoparticle Accumulation, Remobilisation, and Biological Effects 6 Nanoparticles’ Contribution to Photosynthesis 7 Plant Surface Delivery Methods and Primary Interactions 8 Plant Nanoparticle Aggregation 9 Toxicology of Nanomaterials 10 Relevant Plant Science Implications 10.1 Biosensors 10.2 Controlled Release of Agrochemicals and Nutrients 11 Plant Genetic Engineering Using Nanocomposites 12 Insights and Prognostications for the Future References Environmental Applications of Phytonanotechnology: A Promise to Sustainable Future 1 Introduction 2 Phytonanotechnology: A Historical Perspective 3 Nanotechnology and Plants 4 Applications of Phytonanotechnology 4.1 Fate of Phytonanoparticles in Plants 4.2 Removal of Recalcitrant Pollutants 4.3 Environmental Pollution Detection 4.4 Current Challenges and Prospects in Phytonanoparticle Synthesis 4.5 Different Properties of Phytonanoparticles 4.6 Applications of Agriculture Use Nano Fertilizers and Insecticides. 4.7 Nanoparticle Uptake and Transport in Plants 5 Conclusion 6 Future Outlook References Phytonanotechnological Approach for Silver Nanoparticles: Mechanistic Aspect, Properties, and Reliable Heavy Metal Ion Sensing 1 Introduction 2 Synthesis Methods of AgNPs 2.1 Green/Bio-mediated Synthesis of AgNPs 3 Application of AgNPs for Heavy Metal Ion Sensing 3.1 Plausible Mechanism of Sensing of Heavy Metal Ion 4 Conclusion References Plant Material Assisted Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) for the Separation of Inorganic Pollutants 1 Introduction 2 Separation of Heavy Metals Using Plat Mediate Synthesized Nanomaterials 2.1 Removal of Hg(II) 2.2 Removal of Hexavalent Chromium Cr(VI) 2.3 Eradication of Arsenic (V and III) 2.4 Removal of Cd(II) 3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Environmental Applications of Green Engineered Silver Nanoparticles 1 Introduction 2 Properties of Silver Nanoparticles 3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 4 Characterisation of Nanoparticles 5 Importance of Green Engineered Synthesis of Nanoparticles 6 Green Synthesis of AgNps 6.1 Synthesis of AgNps Using Bacteria 6.2 Synthesis of Ag-Nps via Fungi 6.3 Synthesis of Ag-Nps via Plant Extracts 6.4 Synthesis of AgNps via Algae 6.5 Synthesis of AgNps via Yeast 7 Environment Applications of AgNPs 7.1 Water Treatment and Wastewater Treatment Process 7.2 Agro Systems with Nanoparticles 7.3 Catalytic Elimination of Contaminant Dyes 7.4 AgNps as Sensors 8 Challenges and Future Perspectives 9 Conclusion References Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites Using Phytogenic Nanoparticles 1 Introduction 2 Occurrence of Heavy Metal, Toxicity on Health and Environment 3 Synthesis of Green Nanoparticles Over Chemical Nanoparticles 3.1 Microorganisms-Based Synthesis of NPs 3.2 Plant-Based Synthesis of NPs and Phytonanotechnology 3.3 Plant and Microbial-Based Synthesis of Phytonanoparticles 4 Mechanism of Toxicity Caused by Heavy Metals on Cellular Structures 5 Application of Phytonanotechnology in Heavy Metal Bioremediation 5.1 Geogenic Pollutions 5.2 Industrial Waste 5.3 Agricultural Waste 6 Future Prospective 7 Conclusion References Environmental Applications of Green Engineered Copper Nanoparticles 1 Introduction 2 Synthetic Strategies of Green Engineered CuNPs 3 Green Synthesis of CuNPs 3.1 Plant-Based Green Engineered CuNPs 3.2 Microbes-Based Green Engineered CuNPs 4 Environmental Applications of Green Engineered CuNPs 4.1 Waste Water Treatment 4.2 Bioremediation 4.3 Photo Catalytic Degradation of Dyes in Effluents 4.4 Agriculture and Plant Pathology 5 Future Prospectives 6 Conclusions References Plant Mediated Nanocomposites for Water Remediation 1 Introduction 1.1 Nanotechnology and Nanocomposites 1.2 The Synthesis Process of Nanocomposites 1.3 Green Synthesis Approach for Nanotechnology 2 Plant-Derived Nanocomposites 3 Plant-Derived Nanocomposites for Water Treatment 3.1 Basic Sources of Water Pollution 3.2 Nanocomposites for Water Treatment 3.3 Plant-Derived Nanocomposites for Water Treatment 3.4 Remediation Processes of Contaminant from the Eco Systems 3.5 Removal of Organic Contaminants and Toxic Dyes 3.6 Removal of Heavy Metals 4 Challengers and Future Prospective 5 Conclusion References Photocatalytic Degradation of Dye from Various Metal/Metal Oxides Derived from Diverse Plants 1 Introduction 2 Importance of Plant-Mediated Route Over Other Routes 3 Need of Degradation of Dyes from Aqueous/Nonaqueous Medium 4 Current Progress in Phyto-Nanotechnology Towards Dye Degradation 5 Review Based on the Recent Literature 6 A Comparative Study With Different Substrate 7 Further Improvements Needed 8 Future Scope of the Chapter 9 Conclusions References Phytonanotechnology for the Removal of Pollutants from the Contaminated Soil Environment 1 Introduction 2 Photosynthetic Strategies of Nanoparticles 2.1 Chloroplast-Nanoparticle Interactions 2.2 Silver Nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) 2.3 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2 NPs) 3 Remediation of Soil from Heavy Metals 3.1 Bioremediation Technique 3.2 Nano Bioremediation 4 Remediation of Soil from Dyes 5 Remediation of Soil from Inorganic Fertilizer Residues 6 Remediation of Soil from Pesticides and Insecticides 7 Future Perspectives References