Physiology of the pea crop. Boca Raton, Fla.$nCRC Press

Rich in bibliographic references, this book presents the current status of knowledge on the physiology of the pea crop. It draws on contributions from plant physiologists and researchers in various other disciplines who have been working together for many years on the production of plants rich in proteins. The text first discusses vegetative and reproductive development, growth under non-limiting conditions, and the nitrogen nutrition of the pea crop. It then explores the effects of the abiotic and biotic stresses on the development as well as the growth and nitrogen uptake by the plant. The book concludes with a global model of the functioning of the pea crop, which is proposed as a tool for the diagnosis of the yield-limiting factors. Contents......Page 7 Preface......Page 4 Choice of approach......Page 18 A simple and generic analytical framework: the energy approach of biomass production......Page 19 Plant and pea crop representation mode......Page 21 Spring peas and winter peas......Page 22 PART I: PEA CROP FUNCTIONING AND YIELD COMPONENTS......Page 24 Organisation of a pea stem......Page 25 Functioning of the cauline meristem and the apical tip......Page 28 Modelling using the thermal time......Page 29 The leaf from the unfolded stage to the senescence......Page 31 Division then expansion of the cells......Page 32 Final size of vegetative organs......Page 33 Conclusion......Page 35 Definitions and observations......Page 36 Transition to the reproductive stage in pea......Page 37 Use of flowering date to identify genes responsible for the reaction to photoperiod......Page 41 Conclusion......Page 43 Seed development......Page 45 Characterization of reproductive stages......Page 46 Whole plant reproductive development......Page 48 How to represent whole plant development diagrammatically?......Page 50 Characteristics of pea architecture......Page 52 Initiation of meristems......Page 53 Growth of branches......Page 55 Conclusion......Page 58 Measurements of stages at the stem scale......Page 59 Measurements of stages at the crop scale......Page 63 Introduction......Page 66 Radiative balance of a canopy......Page 67 Radiation use efficiency RUE......Page 68 Assessment of radiation absorption or interception efficiencies......Page 69 Change during the cycle......Page 74 Effect of sowing date and density......Page 75 Genetic variability......Page 76 Variation during the cycle......Page 77 Effects of environmental conditions......Page 80 Conclusion......Page 81 3. Dilution curve......Page 83 Plant N concentration in grain legume crops in relation to developmental stage......Page 84 Determination of critical plant nitrogen concentration for pea......Page 85 Determination of the « maximal » curve......Page 86 Root and nodule establishment and associated carbon costs......Page 88 Root and nodule establishment......Page 89 Carbon costs associated with structure establishment, maintenance and metabolism......Page 93 Contribution of the two nitrogen uptake pathways to total N uptake by the plant during growth......Page 96 N2 fixing activity as modulated by growth, phenology and nitrate......Page 100 How to optimise and stabilise the nitrogen nutrition of legumes?......Page 104 Summary of measurement methods used in the field to assess the percentage of N derived from atmospheric nitrogen fixation %Ndfa......Page 105 Three isotopic methods for calculating %Ndfa......Page 106 Brief review of C and N transport within plants......Page 110 Xylem flow......Page 111 Phloem flow......Page 112 C/N ratio of sap and plant organs as related to their location within the plant......Page 113 Roots and nodules......Page 114 Leaves according to their developmental stage......Page 115 Pods and seeds......Page 116 The balance-sheet for biomass: dynamic description of biomass and nitrogen accumulation in the various aerial organs throughout growth......Page 117 Harvest index for biomass HI and nitrogen NHI......Page 122 Determinants of the seed number at the crop scale......Page 126 The time-course change of assimilate partitioning: determinant of the seed number profiles......Page 129 A static model of the seed distribution among reproductive nodes......Page 130 Individual seed weight......Page 131 Determination of individual seed growth rate......Page 133 Determination of the duration of seed filling......Page 136 Seed protein concentration......Page 139 Differential regulation of individual seed N accumulation rate and individual seed growth rate......Page 140 Characterization of the amount of N available to filling seeds......Page 141 Determinism of the individual seed N accumulation rate......Page 144 Elaboration of germination quality: the determinism of seed fragility......Page 145 The components of germination quality......Page 146 Elaboration of germination quality: determinism of seed fragility......Page 147 Conclusion......Page 153 PART II: ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC STRESSES......Page 154 Characterization of a water deficit and its perception by the plant......Page 155 Effect on development......Page 159 Effect on growth......Page 161 Effect on yield and quality......Page 164 Conclusion......Page 167 Effects of high temperature on a pea crop......Page 168 Characterization of heat stresses......Page 169 Heat stress effects......Page 172 Conclusion......Page 176 Characterization of a nitrogen deficiency......Page 177 Effects on plant development......Page 178 Effect on the plant aerial growth......Page 179 Conclusion......Page 181 Effects on crop aerial growth......Page 182 Effects on the root system and on the nodulating system......Page 183 Effects on the nitrogen nutrition......Page 186 Conclusion......Page 187 Cold temperatures and the functioning of the canopy in pea......Page 188 Definition of cold as a thermal constraint......Page 190 Effect of cold temperatures on the functioning of the canopy......Page 193 Adaptation of pea to winter conditions......Page 196 Conclusion and outlook......Page 199 Score card for frost damage......Page 200 Impact of aschochyta blight on spring PEA functioning yield......Page 202 The pathosystem......Page 203 Overall effects of ascochyta blight on yield and yield components......Page 204 Effects of the pathogen on host physiological processes......Page 207 The effect of plant growth stage and disease location on damage to the plant......Page 209 The use of this knowledge for canopy functioning modelling......Page 210 Conclusion: combine the knowledge of the impact of ascochyta blight on yield in the integrated disease management strategies......Page 212 Life cycle, infestations and the assessment of their damage, and the influence of cropping systems......Page 213 Effects on nitrogen use and yield development......Page 214 Weeds......Page 217 PART III: INTEGRATION OF KNOWLEDGE INTO A GLOBAL MODEL AND EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION......Page 219 Why develop a pea crop model?......Page 220 General structure of the crop growth model and minimum data required......Page 221 Module of phenology......Page 222 Growth module......Page 224 Prospects......Page 230 Description of the diagnostic approach......Page 231 Examples of the use of the diagnostic approach......Page 232 Climatic factors......Page 234 Biological factors presence of pests, diseases etc.......Page 236 Assessment at the beginning of flowering......Page 237 Study of yield components......Page 239 Towards a French regional classification......Page 244 An example of comparison between years:assessment at the beginning of flowering......Page 247 Number of seeds per node seed profile......Page 249 Measurement of the vertical structure or simplified profile......Page 250 10. Genotype x environment interaction for yield and protein concentration......Page 251 Genotype x environment interactions......Page 252 Characteristics that can induce particular genotype behaviour......Page 253 Genotype x location and genotype x year interactions......Page 255 Can varieties be stable for both yield and protein concentration?......Page 256 Conclusion......Page 257 Prospects for legume crops in France and Europe......Page 258 A solution for the diversification of crop rotation......Page 259 Reducing the risks of nitrate pollution......Page 260 Concluding remarks......Page 261 Bibliography......Page 262 Vegetative development: the morphogenesis of plant organs -- Carbon acquisition at the crop level in pea -- Dilution curve -- Carbon and nitrogen fluxes within the plant -- The seed number -- Abiotic stresses -- Impact of Aschochyta blight on spring pea functioning yield -- A model which integrates knowledge on pea crop physiology and agronomic diagnosis -- Proposal for a diagnostic approach to analyse yield variations in peas -- Genotype x environment interaction for yield and protein concentration -- Prospects for legume crops in France and Europe This book was written both by researchers from different disciplines andplant physiologists who have been working together for many years on the production of plants rich in proteins in France and in Europe. It presents the current status of knowledge on the physiology of the pea crop