Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Islets of Langerhans

**Preface:** Why are Islets so Important? __B. Soriat.__**Stimulus-Secretion Coupling: Are KATP Channels Enough?:****Glucose Recognition:** Hexose Recognition by the Pancreatic B-Cell and the Gustatory Cell; __A. Niki, H. Niki.__ Glucose-Induced Time-Dependent Potentiation and `Run Down' of Insulin Secretion in Islets of Young Rats; __C.R. Bliss, G.W.G. Sharp.__**The Role****for KATP Channels:** ATP-Sensitive K+ Channel Closure Is not an Obligatory Step for Glucose-Induced Priming of Pancreatic B-Cell; __N. Taguchi et al.__**Intracellular****Messengers:** Intracellular Second Messengers; __S.J.H. Ashcroft.__**Modulation of Islet Release:** Extracellular Messengers for Pancreatic B-Cells; __T. Yada.__**B-Cell Metabolism and [Ca2+]:** Reciprocal Links between Metabolism and Ionic Events in Islet Cells; __W.J. Malaisse__. B-Cell Heterogeneity. Building an Homogeneous Response from an Heterogeneous Population: Heterogeneity of beta-Cell Secretion: Possible Involvement of KATP Channels; __M. Faehling, F.M. Ashcroft.__**IDDM (Insulin Dependent Diabetes****mellitus): What Went Wrong? Mechanisms of B-Cell Destruction****and Defence:** New Aspects to Functioning and Regeneration of Pancreatic beta-Cells: Cyclic ADP-Ribose and __Reg__ Gene; __H. Okamoto.__**Pathophysiology of the NIDDM: Islet Growth, Regeneration and****Transportation:** 52 Additional Articles. Index. Front Matter....Pages i-x Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Why are Islets so Important?....Pages 3-10 Front Matter....Pages 11-11 Hexose Recognition by the Pancreatic β-Cell and the Gustatory Cell....Pages 15-20 Glucose-Induced Time-Dependent Potentiation and “Run Down” of Insulin Secretion in Islets of Young Rats....Pages 21-26 ATP-Sensitive K + Channel Closure is not an Obligatory Step for Glucose-Induced Priming of Pancreatic B-Cell....Pages 29-31 Bursting Electrical Activity Generated in the Presence of K ATP Channel Blockers....Pages 33-41 Modulation of Three Types of Potassium Selective Channels by NAD and Other Pyridine Nucleotides in Human Pancreatic β-Cells....Pages 43-50 Novel Actions of the Potassium Channel Modulator SDZ PCO 400 on ATP-Regulated Potassium Channels in Insulin Secreting Cells....Pages 51-58 Effects of Protein Phosphorylation on the Sulphonylurea Receptor of the Pancreatic β-Cell....Pages 59-69 Intracellular Second Messengers....Pages 73-80 Immunological Analysis of G-Protein Expression in the Endocrine Pancreas....Pages 81-84 Calcyclin, a Calcium-Binding Protein, which Regulates Insulin Secretion from the Permeabilized Pancreatic β-Cell....Pages 85-89 Molecular Cloning of the cDNA Encoding β-Cell Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II....Pages 91-96 Trans-Acting Factor(s) Confer Glucose-Responsive Transcriptional Regulation in the Insulin Gene....Pages 97-100 Front Matter....Pages 101-101 Extracellular Messages for Pancreatic B-Cells....Pages 103-112 The Human Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor....Pages 113-119 Islet Release of ACTH-Like Peptides and their Modulatory Effect on Insulin Secretion....Pages 121-127 Chronic Sympathetic Innervation of Islets in Transgenic Mice Results in Differential Desensitization of α-Adrenergic Inhibition of Insulin Secretion....Pages 129-138 Colocalization of WE-14 Immunostaining with the Classical Islet Hormones in the Porcine Pancreas....Pages 139-144 Pyridothiadiazines as Potent Inhibitors of Glucose-Induced Insulin Release....Pages 145-148 Increase in [Ca 2+ ] i and Subsequent Insulin Release from βTC3-Cells with the L-Type Ca 2+ -Channel Activator, FPL 64176....Pages 149-157 Front Matter....Pages 101-101 Identification and Characterization of Non-Adrenergic Binding Sites in Insulin-Secreting Cells with the Imidazoline RX821002....Pages 159-163 PACAP as Low as 10 −13 M Raises Cytosolic Ca 2+ Activity in Pancreatic B-Cells by Augmenting Ca 2+ Influx Through L-Type Ca 2+ Channels to Trigger Insulin Release....Pages 165-171 Characterization of Purinergic Receptor-Evoked Increases in Intracellular Ca 2+ Transients in Isolated Human and Rodent Insulin-Secreting Cells....Pages 173-179 Front Matter....Pages 181-181 Reciprocal Links Between Metabolic and Ionic Events in Islet Cells....Pages 183-188 Glyceraldehyde and the Pancreatic β-Cell....Pages 189-193 Oscillations of Cytosolic Ca 2+ in Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans....Pages 195-202 Effects of Localized Pulses of High K + and Carbachol on [Ca 2+ ] i in Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans....Pages 203-209 Cyclic AMP, a Mediator of GLP-1, Acts in Concert with Glucose and Tolbutamide to Increase Cytosolic Ca 2+ in Pancreatic B-Cells....Pages 211-216 Metabolism of Phosphatidylcholine in Mouse Pancreatic Islets....Pages 217-221 Phe—Met—Arg—Phe—NH 2 (FMRFa)-Related Peptides Inhibit Na/Ca Exchange in Pancreatic B Cells....Pages 223-225 Cell Culture Conditions Influence Glucose-Induced [Ca 2+ ] i Responses in Isolated Rat Pancreatic B Cells....Pages 227-230 Stimulation of Insulin Release In Vivo by the Methyl Esters of Succinic Acid and Glutamic Acid....Pages 231-234 Glucose Metabolism Regulates Cytosolic Ca 2+ in the Pancreatic β-Cell by Three Different Mechanisms....Pages 235-243 Front Matter....Pages 245-245 Heterogeneity of β-Cell Secretion....Pages 247-252 Heterogeneity of β-Cell Ca 2+ Responses to Glucose....Pages 253-257 Glucose-Induced B-Cell Recruitment and the Expression of Hexokinase Isoenzymes....Pages 259-266 Physiological Behavior of Functional Subpopulations of Single Pancreatic β-Cells....Pages 267-274 Computer Modeling of Heterogeneous β-Cell Populations....Pages 275-284 Reconstructing Islet Function In Vitro ....Pages 285-298 Front Matter....Pages 299-299 New Aspects to the Functioning and Regeneration of Pancreatic β-Cells....Pages 301-311 Front Matter....Pages 299-299 A Role for Nitric Oxide and Other Inflammatory Mediators in Cytokine-Induced Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction and Destruction....Pages 313-319 The Reg Gene and Islet Cell Repair and Renewal in Type 1 Diabetes....Pages 321-327 DNA-Damage and NAD + -Depletion are Initial Events in Oxygen Radical Induced Islet Cell Death....Pages 329-334 Nitric Oxide Rather than Superoxide or Peroxynitrite Inhibits Insulin Secretion and Causes DNA Damage in HIT-T15 Cells....Pages 335-339 Activation of Peritoneal Macrophages During the Prediabetic Phase in Low-Dose Streptozotocin-Treated Mice....Pages 341-343 Immunological Reactivity of Diabetes-Prone BB/OK Rats to Syngeneic Antigens....Pages 345-353 Effects of Oxidants on Membrane Potential, K + and Ca 2+ Currents of Mouse Pancreatic B-Cells....Pages 355-359 Front Matter....Pages 361-361 IAPP and Insulin Regulation in Human Pancreatic Islets....Pages 363-369 Hyperproinsulinaemia and Islet Dysfuction in the NIDDM-Like Syndrome of Psammomys obesus ....Pages 371-378 Altered Secretory Responsiveness of Brin-BD11 Cells Cultured under Hyperglycaemic Conditions is not Readily Reversed by Subsequent Culture in Lower Glucose Concentrations....Pages 379-384 B-Cell Hyperresponsiveness to Glucose in NIDDM During Prediabetes....Pages 385-387 Insulin Treatment Prevents Adaptation of the Endocrine Pancreas to Pregnancy....Pages 389-393 Front Matter....Pages 395-395 Islet Transplantation....Pages 397-410 The Syngeneic Islet Transplantation to Study Physiology and Pathophysiology of Pancreatic β-Cells....Pages 411-419 Beta Cell Replication and Mass in Islet Transplantation....Pages 421-427 Islet Growth After Pancreatic Fragments Autotransplantation into the Dog’s Spleen....Pages 429-433 The use of Immunomagnetic Separation for Secondary Purification of Pancreatic Islets....Pages 435-440 Transplantation of Syngenic Pancreatic Islets into Rats with Streptozotocin Induced Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus....Pages 441-445 Effects of Caffeine on Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Release from Islet Transplants....Pages 447-452 Back Matter....Pages 453-457 Preface: Why are Islets so Important? B. Soriat. Stimulus-Secretion Coupling: Are K ATP Channels Enough?: Glucose Recognition: Hexose Recognition by the Pancreatic B-Cell and the Gustatory Cell; A. Niki, H. Niki. Glucose-Induced Time-Dependent Potentiation and `Run Down' of Insulin Secretion in Islets of Young Rats; C.R. Bliss, G.W.G. Sharp. The Role for K ATP Channels: ATP-Sensitive K + Channel Closure Is not an Obligatory Step for Glucose-Induced Priming of Pancreatic B-Cell; N. Taguchi et al. Intracellular Messengers: Intracellular Second Messengers; S.J.H. Ashcroft. Modulation of Islet Release: Extracellular Messengers for Pancreatic B-Cells; T. Yada. B-Cell Metabolism and [Ca 2+ ]: Reciprocal Links between Metabolism and Ionic Events in Islet Cells; W.J. Malaisse . B-Cell Heterogeneity. Building an Homogeneous Response from an Heterogeneous Population: Heterogeneity of beta-Cell Secretion: Possible Involvement of K ATP Channels; M. Faehling, F.M. Ashcroft. IDDM (Insulin Dependent Diabetes mellitus): What Went Wrong? Mechanisms of B-Cell Destruction and Defence: New Aspects to Functioning and Regeneration of Pancreatic beta-Cells: Cyclic ADP-Ribose and Reg Gene; H. Okamoto. Pathophysiology of the NIDDM: Islet Growth, Regeneration and Transportation: 52 Additional Articles. Index. Proceedings of the November 1994 meeting. The 59 contributions cover glucose recognition, the role for K (ATP) channels, intracellular messengers, modulation of islet release, beta-cell metabolism and Ca2+, beta-cell heterogeneity: building a homogeneous response from a heterogeneous population, ISSM (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus): mechanisms of beta-cell destruction and defense, pathophysiology of the NIDDM, and islet growth, regeneration, and transplantation. All chapters contain experimental facts and observations that will be of help to those interested in the physiology and pathophysiology of the islet of Langerhans