Physics in the Arts

__Physics in the Arts, Third Edition__ offers new, quantitative descriptions of color that are different and unique. Tactics included work for the color mixing of lights and paints, both quantitatively and predictively. Suitable for a course on sound and light for non-science majors, this completely updated text covers light waves, reflection and refraction, lenses, the human eye, photography, color and color vision, additive and subtractive color mixing, structural color, sound waves, simple harmonic motion, damping and resonance, vibration of strings, waves in pipes, superposition, Fourier analysis, and more. This book provides artists, humanists and liberal arts students with an engaging exploration of the physics of light and sound, particularly with regard to color and music. Front-Matter_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts Physics in the ArtsThird EditionP.U.P.A Gilbert Copyright_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts Copyright Introduction_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts Introduction Light and sound A unique take on color and music Light and sound analogies The purpose of this book Teacher and Student Resources Acknowledgments_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts Acknowledgments Chapter-1---Light-and-light-waves_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 1 . Light and light waves 1.1 Dual nature of light 1.2 Speed of light 1.3 Electromagnetic spectrum 1.4 Polarization 1.5 Polarizers 1.6 Large and small numbers Chapter-2---Reflection-and-refraction_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 2 . Reflection and refraction 2.1 Specular reflection of light 2.2 Refraction of light 2.3 Total internal reflection 2.4 Due to refraction, things are not where they appear 2.5 Reflection and refraction in diamonds 2.6 Rainbows 2.7 Interesting brightening and darkening effects 2.8 Questions Chapter-3---Lenses_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 3 . Lenses 3.1 Refraction by a prism 3.2 Converging and diverging lenses 3.3 Focal length 3.4 Real and virtual images 3.5 Three easy rays 3.6 The thin lens formula 3.6.1 Object distance greater than focal length 3.6.2 Place the object 50 cm away from the lens 3.6.3 Object distance smaller than the focal length 3.6.4 Diverging lens 3.7 More on converging and diverging lenses 3.8 Lens aberrations 3.8.1 Chromatic aberrations 3.8.2 Spherical aberration 3.8.3 Distortions 3.8.4 Coated lenses 3.9 Lenses in art 3.10 Questions Chapter-4---The-human-eye_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 4 . The human eye 4.1 Components of the human eye 4.2 Accommodation 4.3 Eyeglasses 4.4 Nearsighted eye 4.5 Farsighted eye 4.6 Astigmatic eye 4.7 Presbyopia and multifocal lenses 4.8 Contact lenses and eye surgery Chapter-5---Photography_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 5 . Photography 5.1 The camera 5.2 Focusing the camera 5.3 Taking a photo: exposure time, f number, and ISO 5.4 Shutters 5.4.1 Leaf shutter 5.4.2 Focal plane shutter 5.4.3 Digital shutter 5.5 Exposure time of shutter speed 5.6 Aperture and f number 5.7 The sensor and its ISO 5.8 Putting it all together: taking a photograph 5.9 Fun photographic facts 5.9.1 Rolling shutters 5.9.2 Long and short exposure times 5.9.3 Zoom, wide-angle, and fisheye lenses 5.9.4 Expensive and inexpensive digital cameras 5.10 Questions Chapter-6---Color-and-color-vision_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 6 . Color and color vision 6.1 Physical and perceived color 6.2 Sensitivity curves of cones 6.3 Complementary colors 6.4 Mixed and spectral colors 6.5 Definition of color: hue, saturation, brightness 6.6 The perceived brightness depends on the surroundings 6.7 All colors in the spectrum simplified to RGB 6.8 Why is the sky blue, the sunset red, and a lemon yellow? 6.9 Color blindness 6.10 Color seen by other animals 6.11 Color adaptations 6.12 Questions Chapter-7---Additive-color-mixing_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 7 . Additive color mixing 7.1 Mixing lights 7.2 Primary colors 7.3 Adding primary colors 7.4 The color triangle 7.5 Low-brightness colors 7.6 Spectral colors 7.7 Nonspectral colors 7.8 Complementary colors on the color triangle 7.9 Additive color mixing in painting 7.10 Questions Chapter-8---Subtractive-color-mixing_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 8 . Subtractive color mixing 8.1 Spectra 8.2 Filters and transmission 8.3 Paints and scattering 8.4 Subtractive primary colors 8.5 Blue and yellow may or may not make green 8.6 Multiple scattering 8.7 Spectra, computers, and the color triangle 8.8 Change in hue 8.9 Mixing unequal amounts of paint 8.10 Using a computer to mix paints to obtain any color you wish 8.11 Celestial sleuthing 8.12 Questions Chapter-9---Color-generating-mechanisms_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 9 . Color-generating mechanisms 9.1 Illuminating light 9.2 Pigments in animals and plants 9.3 Structural color in animals: iridescence 9.4 More iridescent color-generating mechanisms 9.5 Color in gemstones 9.6 Mineral color due to charge transfer 9.7 Mineral color due to color centers 9.8 Color in gems due to band gap absorption of light Chapter-10---Sound-waves_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 10 . Sound waves 10.1 Mechanical waves 10.2 Propagation of a pulse 10.3 Longitudinal and transverse waves 10.4 Sound waves in air are longitudinal waves 10.5 Frequency 10.6 Speed of sound in air 10.7 Wavelength and frequency 10.8 Relevance to the size of instruments and loudspeakers 10.9 Sound propagation 10.10 Concert Hall acoustics 10.11 Questions Chapter-11---Simple-harmonic-motion_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 11 . Simple harmonic motion 11.1 Definition of simple harmonic motion 11.2 Various simple harmonic oscillators 11.3 Hooke's law 11.4 Pendulum 11.5 Mass on a spring 11.6 Frequency of oscillation 11.7 Anharmonic oscillators 11.8 Waveform of simple harmonic oscillators 11.9 Phase angle 11.10 Other nonsimple, harmonic oscillators 11.11 Questions Chapter-12---Damping-and-resonance_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 12 . Damping and resonance 12.1 Damped oscillations, damping time 12.2 Resonance 12.3 Build-up and decay of musical notes 12.4 Resonators in musical instruments and speakers 12.5 Questions Chapter-13---Vibration-of-strings_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 13 . Vibration of strings 13.1 Pulse on a string 13.2 The first, fundamental mode 13.3 Higher modes 13.4 Traveling versus standing waves 13.5 The voicing formula 13.6 How modes relate to music: partials 13.7 Damping of higher partials 13.8 Plucked strings: missing partials 13.9 Playing harmonics 13.10 Real strings are stiff 13.11 Guitar, violin, harp, and piano strings 13.12 Questions Chapter-14---Waves-in-pipes_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 14 . Waves in pipes 14.1 Pressure pulse in a pipe 14.2 Open and closed pipes, boundary conditions 14.3 Acoustic length 14.4 Standing waves in open pipes 14.5 Fundamental frequency of open pipe 14.6 Higher modes of open pipe 14.7 Fundamental frequency of closed pipe 14.8 Higher modes of closed pipe 14.9 Playing tunes on wind instruments: fingerholes and overblowing 14.10 Other shapes 14.11 Questions Chapter-15---Superposition--beats--and-harmony_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 15 . Superposition, beats, and harmony 15.1 Superposition of sound waves, phase, interference 15.2 Principle of superposition 15.3 Two pure tones of the same frequency, phase shift as an angle 15.4 Beats 15.5 Harmony 15.6 Phase changes the waveform, not the sound 15.7 Just for fun: lissajous figures 15.8 Questions Chapter-16---Musical-scales_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 16 . Musical scales 16.1 The need for musical scales 16.2 Musical intervals 16.3 Harmony and small number ratios 16.4 The major triad 16.5 Constructing the just scale 16.6 Names of intervals 16.7 Whole-tone and semitone intervals 16.8 Transposing: why black keys? 16.9 The problems with the just scale 16.10 Perfection sacrificed: the tempered scale 16.11 Major and minor scales 16.12 The natural scale 16.13 Questions Chapter-17---Fourier-analysis_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 17 . Fourier analysis 17.1 Fourier's theorem 17.2 Fourier spectra 17.3 Fourier analyzer 17.4 Fourier synthesis 17.5 Why can't you synthesize a Stradivari? 17.6 Questions Chapter-18---Musical-instruments_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 18 . Musical instruments 18.1 The structure of musical instruments 18.2 Excitation mechanism 18.3 Playing a tune 18.4 Strings 18.5 Woodwinds 18.6 Brass instruments 18.7 Percussion instruments 18.8 Voice 18.9 Questions Chapter-19---Sound-perception--Timbre--loudness--and-_2022_Physics-in-the-Ar 19 . Sound perception: timbre, loudness, and pitch 19.1 Timbre and Fourier spectrum 19.2 Loudness, amplitude, volume, sound intensity level, and decibels 19.3 Loudness also depends on frequency 19.4 Pitch and frequency Chapter-20---The-ear_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 20 . The ear 20.1 The outer ear 20.2 The middle ear 20.3 The inner ear 20.4 Amplitude and loudness 20.5 Frequency, period, and sequence of nerve pulses sent to the brain Chapter-21---Solutions-to-all-questions_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts 21 . Solutions to all questions Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter-22---Formulae--constants--and-useful-physical_2022_Physics-in-the-Ar 22 . Formulae, constants, and useful physical data 22.1 Light 22.2 Sound Index_2022_Physics-in-the-Arts Index A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z