Physical Processes in Red Giants : Proceedings of the Second Workshop, Held at the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture, Advanced School of Astronomy, in Erice, Sicily, Italy, September 3–13, 1980

In recent years, it has become clear that the red-giant phase is one of the most dramatic periods in a star's life, when all of its parts become involved in ways that have both direct and indirect observational consequences. This is most particularly true of low- and intermediate­ mass stars during the second ascent of the giant branch. Such stars bring to their surfaces products of nucleosynthesis currently taking place in their deep interiors, they pulsate as Mira variables, develop extended outward-flowing atmospheres that may exhibit maser properties, and shed great quantities of matter, sometimes highly processed, into the inter­ stellar medium. The manner in which processed matter is brought to the surface is far from being completely explained, and the precise mechanism or mechanisms whereby matter is ejected from the stellar surface (whether by deposition of Alfven waves, radiation pressure on grains, or as a consequence of so­ me large scale envelope instability) has yet to be elucidated to every­ one's satisfaction. The purpose of the second workshop in Astrophysics, organized by the "Advanced School of Astronomy", was to bring together experts on all the physical processes occurring in red giants in an effort to emphasize the interrelatedness of these individual processes, and to encourage a dia­ logue among experts that might serve to initiate a synthesis, or at least sharpen our understanding of the most important problems to address in the future. Front Matter....Pages i-xv Front Matter....Pages 1-1 On the Interior Properties of Red Giants....Pages 3-24 The Photospheres of Red-Giant Stars....Pages 25-40 Color Temperatures of Red Giants and their Relation to the Effective Temperature....Pages 41-46 Carbon Star Effective Temperatures....Pages 47-49 The Effect of [CNO/FE] on Evolution of Extremely Metal Poor Red Giants....Pages 51-54 Globular Cluster Giant Branches and the Helium Flash: A Comparison between Observation and Theory....Pages 55-62 M Giants in the Nuclear Bulge of the Galaxy....Pages 63-69 On the Metal Abundance of Giants in the Draco Dwarf Galaxy — Preliminary Results of a Spectroscopic Survey....Pages 71-76 Observations and Theories of Mixing in Red Giants....Pages 77-114 The Chemical Composition of Red Giants — The First Dredge-Up Phase....Pages 115-134 The Conditions for Dredge-Up of Carbon During the Helium Shell Flash and the Production of Carbon Stars....Pages 135-139 More Details on Thermal Pulses and the Third Dredge-Up Process in Intermediate-Mass Stars....Pages 141-146 Low Dispersion Surveys for Carbon Stars....Pages 147-152 The Luminosity Function of Carbon Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud....Pages 153-157 Observed Bolometric Luminosities of Carbon Stars....Pages 159-164 Carbon Stars in the Magellanic Clouds: Theory vs. Observations....Pages 165-172 On the Stability of Nuclear-Burning Regions in Red Giants....Pages 173-177 Why Do Stars Become Red Giants?....Pages 179-182 Mass Loss from Massive Stars throughout the HR Diagram....Pages 183-189 Front Matter....Pages 191-191 Red Variables of Spectral Class M....Pages 193-204 Front Matter....Pages 191-191 Theoretical Aspects of Pulsation and Envelope Ejection in Red Giants....Pages 205-223 Theoretical Relationships between Observable Quantities for Mira Variables....Pages 225-229 Linear Polarization Changes across TiO Bands in Cool Variables: V CVn....Pages 231-236 The Expansion Velocities in Mira Envelopes....Pages 237-240 Radiation Pressure on Molecules in Mira Variable Atmospheres....Pages 241-244 Front Matter....Pages 245-245 Outer Atmospheres of Late-Type Stars....Pages 247-261 Ultraviolet Observations of τ 4 Serpentis (M5 IIb — IIIa)....Pages 263-267 Winds in Red Giants....Pages 269-284 Origin of Winds in Cool Giants and Supergiants....Pages 285-299 Acceleration of Mass Flow in the Chromosphere of α Orionis....Pages 301-304 Timescale of Possible Episodic Behavior in Mass Loss from Cool Stars....Pages 305-309 Mass Loss in Population II Red Giants....Pages 311-316 Dust Formation Processes Around Red Giants and Supergiants....Pages 317-333 Spectroscopy and Chemical Kinetic Studies of the Circumstellar Shell IRC + 10216....Pages 335-335 Erosion of N 2 Frozen Gas by MeV Helium Ions....Pages 337-339 Why Not Make Dust in Photospheres of M Stars?....Pages 341-346 Time-Dependent Models of Grain-Forming Atmospheres....Pages 347-350 A Statistical Theory of Stellar Winds....Pages 351-354 Mass Loss from Warm Giants: Magnetic Effects....Pages 355-359 Front Matter....Pages 361-361 Red Giant Masers....Pages 363-382 Front Matter....Pages 361-361 Time Variations of OH-Masers in Late-Type Stars....Pages 383-390 Detection of a New Sio Maser Line....Pages 391-394 OH and IR Emission from Red Giants....Pages 395-399 Infrared Observations of OH/IR Stars....Pages 401-406 Front Matter....Pages 407-407 Planetary Nebulae and Stellar Evolution....Pages 409-420 From Red Giants to Planetary Nebulae....Pages 421-425 The Properties of Dust in Planetary Nebulae....Pages 427-430 Red Giants as Precursors of Planetary Nebulae....Pages 431-446 The Position of the Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae in the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram....Pages 447-461 Masses and Evolution of Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae....Pages 463-468 Back Matter....Pages 469-492 In recent years, it has become clear that the red-giant phase is one of the most dramatic periods in a star's life, when all of its parts become involved in ways that have both direct and indirect observational consequences. This is most particularly true of low- and intermediateƯ mass stars during the second ascent of the giant branch. Such stars bring to their surfaces products of nucleosynthesis currently taking place in their deep interiors, they pulsate as Mira variables, develop extended outward-flowing atmospheres that may exhibit maser properties, and shed great quantities of matter, sometimes highly processed, into the interƯ stellar medium. The manner in which processed matter is brought to the surface is far from being completely explained, and the precise mechanism or mechanisms whereby matter is ejected from the stellar surface (whether by deposition of Alfven waves, radiation pressure on grains, or as a consequence of soƯ me large scale envelope instability) has yet to be elucidated to everyƯ one's satisfaction. The purpose of the second workshop in Astrophysics, organized by the "Advanced School of Astronomy", was to bring together experts on all the physical processes occurring in red giants in an effort to emphasize the interrelatedness of these individual processes, and to encourage a diaƯ logue among experts that might serve to initiate a synthesis, or at least sharpen our understanding of the most important problems to address in the future Proceedings of the Second Workshop, Held at the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture, Advanced School of Astronomy, in Erice, Sicily, Italy, September 3-13, 1980