Physical Geography in Diagrams | For State & UPSC Civil Services Exam | Other Competitive Exams

Cover......Page 1 Copyright......Page 5 Brief Contents......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 Preface......Page 12 Preface to the Indian Edition......Page 14 About Seema Mehra Parihar......Page 15 Acknowledgement......Page 16 Chapter 1: The Solar System: Positions and Time......Page 18 The Solar System......Page 19 Shape of the Earth......Page 21 The Sun as an Input into the Earth’s System......Page 23 The position of a place on the earth’s surface......Page 25 Rotation and Time......Page 27 Multiple Choice Questions......Page 32 Long Answer Type Questions......Page 33 Answer key......Page 34 Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics: The Earth’s Structure and Landforms......Page 36 Structure of the Earth......Page 37 Isostasy......Page 39 Collision of Plates......Page 46 Plate Boundary......Page 47 Classification of rocks......Page 52 A Global Pattern Through Plate Tectonics......Page 55 Rock system in Great Britain......Page 57 Rock system in India......Page 58 Vulcanicity and Landforms......Page 63 Distribution of Volcanoes and Volcanic Activity......Page 64 Volcanic features formed in the crust......Page 68 Vent eruptions and the types of volcanoes......Page 69 Craters and calderas......Page 70 Composite cones or stratovolcanoes......Page 72 Fissure eçruptions and the landforms they produce......Page 73 Is a Volcanic Landscape Hostile?......Page 75 Major Landforms......Page 77 Earthquakes......Page 78 Faults......Page 84 Folds......Page 88 Major Landforms......Page 90 Mountains......Page 91 Rift valley......Page 98 Plateaus and related landforms......Page 99 Plains and related landforms......Page 101 Multiple Choice Questions......Page 105 Long Answer Type Questions......Page 108 Answer key......Page 110 Chapter 3: Weathering of Slopes......Page 112 Denudation and Weathering......Page 113 Types of Weathering......Page 114 Geomorphic Cycles of Slope Development......Page 122 Rejuvenated and Polycyclic Landforms......Page 124 Mass Wasting and Slope Processes......Page 125 Types of Slope Movement......Page 126 Concave Slope......Page 129 Vegetation Protects the Slopes......Page 132 Multiple Choice Questions......Page 135 Long Answer Type Questions......Page 136 Answer key......Page 137 Chapter 4: Water on the Surface......Page 138 Introduction......Page 139 Global Water and the Atmosphere......Page 140 River Basin Drainage—An Open System......Page 142 Supply and demand......Page 144 Water storage......Page 145 Irrigation......Page 149 Flooding......Page 155 River system......Page 157 Stream system......Page 158 River erosion......Page 161 River deposition......Page 162 Long profile......Page 163 Influence of gradient......Page 164 River valley characteristics—processes and landforms......Page 165 Drainage patterns......Page 175 Water conservation......Page 186 Multiple Choice Questions......Page 189 Long Answer Type Questions......Page 192 Answer key......Page 194 Chapter 5: Underground Water and Limestone Features......Page 196 Sources of Groundwater......Page 197 Wells and Artesian Basins......Page 199 Karst Cycle of Erosion......Page 204 Limestone Landforms......Page 206 Multiple Choice Questions......Page 212 Long Answer Type Questions......Page 213 Answer key......Page 214 Chapter 6: Glacial Processes......Page 216 Introduction......Page 217 Accumulation of ice and the snow line......Page 218 Classification of glaciers......Page 220 Glacial System......Page 221 Surface features and moraines......Page 222 Glacial processes......Page 223 Landforms Produced by Glacial Erosion......Page 224 Landforms Produced by Glacial Deposition......Page 229 Boulder clay deposits......Page 230 Ice-Dammed Lakes and Overflows......Page 232 Examples of Glaciated Landscapes......Page 234 Glacial landforms of specific value......Page 240 Melting Permafrost......Page 241 Multiple Choice Questions......Page 245 Long Answer Type Questions......Page 246 Answer key......Page 248 Chapter 7: Desert Processes......Page 250 Introduction......Page 251 Desert Locations......Page 252 Action of Winds in a Desert......Page 257 Features produced by wind erosion......Page 262 Features produced by wind deposition......Page 264 Features produced by water in desert regions......Page 267 Are Deserts Expanding?......Page 269 Multiple Choice Questions......Page 273 Long Answer Type Questions......Page 274 Answer key......Page 275 Chapter 8: Coastal Processes......Page 276 Coasts......Page 277 Terms related to Coastal Geography......Page 278 The nature of waves......Page 279 Types of waves......Page 280 Landforms produced by wave erosion......Page 284 Materials Transported by Waves......Page 291 Beach......Page 292 Spit......Page 293 Coastal Dunes......Page 300 Changing Sea Levels......Page 301 Multiple Choice Questions......Page 308 Long Answer Questions......Page 309 Answer key......Page 310 Chapter 9: The Oceans......Page 312 Introduction......Page 313 Oceanic Zones......Page 314 Ocean Current......Page 315 Ocean currents and winds......Page 316 Coral Reefs......Page 318 Major reef types......Page 319 Nature of Tides......Page 321 Tidal influences......Page 322 Natural Hazards of Oceans......Page 324 Beneficial Influences of the Oceans......Page 327 Multiple Choice Questions......Page 329 Long Answer Type Questions......Page 330 Answer key......Page 331 Chapter 10: Atmosphere: Temperature......Page 332 Structure of Atmosphere......Page 333 Atmospheric System......Page 334 Heating of Atmosphere......Page 335 Latitude......Page 338 Distance from the sea......Page 339 Cloud cover and humidity......Page 340 Aspect......Page 341 Ocean currents......Page 342 Temperature Changes within the Atmosphere......Page 345 Maximum thermometer......Page 346 Minimum thermometer......Page 347 Six’s thermometer......Page 348 How Temperature is Shown on a Map?......Page 349 World Distribution of Temperature......Page 351 Multiple Choice Questions......Page 354 Long Answer Type Questions......Page 355 Answer key......Page 356 Chapter 11: Atmosphere: Pressure and Wind......Page 358 Influence of altitude on pressure......Page 359 Influence of rotation on pressure......Page 360 Actual pressure systems......Page 362 Barograph......Page 364 The origin of winds......Page 366 Measurement of wind direction and velocity......Page 367 How winds and wind velocity are shown on a map?......Page 368 Planetary Winds......Page 370 Monsoon winds of the Asian region......Page 374 Local Winds......Page 375 Descending winds......Page 376 Valley breeze and mountain breeze......Page 377 Depression winds......Page 378 Air Masses and Fronts......Page 380 Development of a depression......Page 383 Weather associated with a depression......Page 384 Weather and depressions......Page 385 Tropical Cyclone......Page 388 Development of a tropical cyclone......Page 390 Weather associated with a tropical cyclone......Page 391 Tornado......Page 392 Weather maps and anti-cyclones......Page 395 Multiple Choice Questions......Page 399 Long Answer Type Questions......Page 401 Answer key......Page 402 Chapter 12: Atmosphere: Water......Page 404 Measurement of humidity......Page 405 Types of condensation......Page 408 Clouds......Page 410 Middle clouds......Page 411 Low clouds......Page 412 Formation of clouds......Page 413 Precipitation......Page 415 Types of precipitation......Page 416 How air is cooled......Page 418 Convection rain......Page 419 Thunderstorms......Page 420 How Rain is Shown on a Map......Page 422 World Patterns for Rainfall Distribution......Page 425 Global pattern for November – April......Page 426 Seasonal Distribution of Rainfall......Page 428 Seasonal Rainfall and Type of Rainfall......Page 429 Annual Global Rainfall......Page 430 Multiple Choice Questions......Page 433 Long Answer Type Questions......Page 435 Answer key......Page 438 Chapter 13: The Weather Station and Weather Maps......Page 440 Stevenson Screen......Page 441 Visibility......Page 443 Recording Weather......Page 444 Gathering Information......Page 446 NASA and Weather Information......Page 448 National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) and Atmospheric Observations......Page 450 Multiple Choice Questions......Page 452 Long Answer Type Questions......Page 453 Answer key......Page 456 Chapter 14: Climate, Weather, and Natural Environment......Page 458 Factors Affecting Climate and Climatic Types......Page 459 Fairly uniform climates......Page 460 Seasonal climates......Page 464 Continentality......Page 466 Ecosystem......Page 468 Linkages and interactions in an ecosystem......Page 469 Influence of temperature and water on plants......Page 472 Main Types of Vegetation......Page 473 Tropical rainforest......Page 476 The formation of soil......Page 477 Soil profile......Page 478 Destruction of tropical rainforests......Page 481 Soil Erosion......Page 482 By water......Page 483 Types of soil conservation......Page 485 Multiple Choice Questions......Page 496 Long Answer Questions......Page 498 Answer key......Page 499 Photo Credits......Page 500 Index......Page 506