Physical Activity and the Abdominal Viscera: Responses in Health and Disease (Routledge Research in Physical Activity and Health)

"Physical Activity and the Abdominal Viscera is the first book to examine the response of the visceral organs to acute and chronic physical activity, in cases of both health and disease. Bringing together a previously disparate body of research, Professor Roy Shephard sets out the physiology, function during exercise, pathology of disease, and role of physical activity in preventing and managing disease in the visceral organs. Working systematically through the viscera, the book first identifies the response to exercise and pathologies of the liver, gall bladder and biliary tract, then goes on to examine the function of the kidneys and bladder, and finally covers issues including the spleen, sickle cell disease and prostate cancer. Providing a clear and well-structured guide to the relationship between the visceral organs and physical activity, Physical Activity and the Abdominal Viscera is a vital reference text for academics and upper-level students in sports medicine and clinical exercise physiology, and for health professionals in preventive medicine."--Provided by publisher Cover 1 Half Title 3 Title Page 5 Copyright Page 7 Table of Contents 9 List of tables 13 Preface 16 1 Responses of liver to acute and chronic physical activity 20 Introduction 20 Acute hepatic responses to moderate endurance activity 20 Hepatic responses to high-intensity and prolonged physical activity 27 Chronic effects of moderate endurance activity 36 Physical activity and functional activity of the liver 52 Areas for further research 53 Practical implications and conclusions 54 2 Physical activity and hepatic pathologies 69 Introduction 69 Physical activity and the metabolic syndrome 69 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 72 Hepatic inflammation, fibrosis and cirrhosis 79 Hepatocellular carcinoma 86 Liver transplants 87 Areas for further research 87 Practical implications and conclusions 88 3 Effects of physical activity on the gallbladder and biliary tract in health and disease 96 Introduction 96 Prevalence and economic impact of biliary tract disorders 96 Factors contributing to gallbladder disease 97 Resting gallbladder function 97 Acute effects of physical activity on the gallbladder 99 Chronic effects of physical activity on the gallbladder 100 Physical activity and chronic gallbladder disease 102 Possible mechanisms of altered risk 115 Physical activity and gallbladder cancer 116 Areas for further research 117 Practical implications and conclusions 118 4 Physical activity and kidney function in health and disease 123 Introduction 123 Physiological background 123 Physical activity and renal blood flow 125 Physical activity and glomerular filtration 130 Physical activity and other aspects of renal physiology 130 Exercise-induced proteinuria 132 Clinical significance of resting microglobinuria 134 Physical activity and microhaematuria 135 Physical activity and acute and chronic renal failure 136 Physical activity and end-stage renal disease 137 Physical activity and renal transplantion 138 Physical activity and the risk of renal cancer 140 Physical activity and prevention of renal calculi 145 Physical activity and endocrine functions of the kidney 145 Areas for further research 146 Practical implications and conclusions 146 5 Implications of a single kidney for the young athlete 156 Introduction 156 Current opinions on sport participation with a single kidney 156 Risks of renal injury during sport and physical activity 159 Factors modifying the inherent risk of sports-related renal injury 161 Sports and physical activities with the greatest risk of renal injury 162 Managing risks of renal trauma for the active child 167 Areas for further research 168 Practical implications and conclusions 169 6 Bladder function in health and disease: Physical activity and bladder control, haematuria and bladder cancer 173 Introduction 173 The problem of urinary incontinence 173 Prevalence, economic impact and clinical evaluation of urinary incontinence 174 Urinary incontinence in athletes 174 Habitual physical activity and incontinence 180 Patho-physiology and the treatment of incontinence 181 Physical activity and haematuria 185 Physical activity and bladder cancer 186 Areas for further research 187 Practical implications and conclusions 188 7 Physiology of the spleen at rest and during exercise 194 Introduction 194 Physical activity and the spleen in experimental animals 195 Anatomy of the human spleen 196 Physical activity and changes in volume of the human spleen 199 Circulatory impact of changes in splenic dimensions during activity 202 Response of the spleen to stressors other than physical activity 203 Impact of physical activity upon splenic functions other than red cell storage 206 Influence of splenic contraction upon calculations of changes in plasma volume 208 Mechanism of changes in splenic volume 209 Areas for further research 210 Practical implications and conclusions 210 8 Physical activity and infectious mononucleosis 216 Introduction 216 Diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis 217 Measuring splenic enlargement 219 Splenic size in infectious mononucleosis 226 Management of the athlete with an enlarged spleen 226 Overall management of infectious mononucleosis 228 Potential progression to chronic fatigue syndrome 229 Areas for further research 231 Practical implications and conclusions 232 9 Physical activity and sickle cell disease 239 Introduction 239 Physiology and pathology of sickle cell trait 240 Impact of sickling upon physical performance and health 241 Specific risks of physical activity with sickle cell trait 246 Diagnostic approaches to sickle cell trait 252 Potential for preventive measures 253 Areas for further research 255 Practical implications and conclusions 255 10 Physical activity, benign prostate hyperplasia and prostatitis 265 Introduction 265 Occupational activity and prostate hyperplasia 265 Recreational activity and prostate hyperplasia 266 Conclusions regarding benign prostate hyperplasia 270 Physical activity and chronic prostatitis 270 Areas for further research 271 Practical implications and conclusions 271 11 Physical activity and prostate cancer 274 Introduction 274 Role of physical activity in preventing prostate cancer 274 Occupational activity and risk of prostate cancer 275 Leisure activities and risk of prostate cancer 284 Possible mechanisms 297 Conclusions regarding prostate cancer 298 Side-effects of androgen deprivation therapy 298 Countering the side-effects of androgen deprivation and prostate surgery 306 Areas for further research 317 Practical implications and conclusions 318 Index 325 This book examines the response of the visceral organs to acute and chronic physical activity, in cases of both health and disease. Consolidating previously disparate research, the book sets out the physiology, function during exercise, pathology of disease, and role of physical activity in preventing and managing disease in the visceral organs.