Photosynthesis in action : harvesting light, generating electrons, fixing carbon

Photosynthesis in Action examines the molecular mechanisms, adaptations and improvements of photosynthesis. With a strong focus on the latest research and advances, the book also analyzes the impact the process has on the biosphere and the effect of global climate change. Fundamental topics such as harvesting light, the transport of electronics and fixing carbon are discussed. The book also reviews the latest research on how abiotic stresses affect these key processes as well as how to improve each of them. This title explains how the process is flexible in adaptations and how it can be engineered to be made more effective. End users will be able to see the significance and potential of the processes of photosynthesis. Edited by renowned experts with leading contributors, this is an essential read for students and researchers interested in photosynthesis, plant science, plant physiology and climate change. Provides essential information on the complex sequence of photosynthetic energy transduction and carbon fixation Covers fundamental concepts and the latest advances in research, as well as real-world case studies Offers the mechanisms of the main steps of photosynthesis together with how to make improvements in these steps Edited by renowned experts in the field Presents a user-friendly layout, with templated elements throughout to highlight key learnings in each chapter Front-Matter_2022_Photosynthesis-in-Action Front Matter Copyright_2022_Photosynthesis-in-Action Copyright Contributors_2022_Photosynthesis-in-Action Contributors Foreword_2022_Photosynthesis-in-Action Foreword Preface_2022_Photosynthesis-in-Action Preface References Chapter-1---Harvesting-light_2022_Photosynthesis-in-Action Harvesting light Introduction, what is light harvesting and why is it needed? The concepts of light-harvesting capacity and efficiency Solar spectrum and its coverage by photosynthetic pigments Light-harvesting complexes, a few examples Pigment properties in more detail: Absorption shifts and broadening Transition dipole moment Pigment properties in more detail: Decay of the excited states Excitation energy transfer, the Förster equation Excitation energy transfer, beyond the Förster equation Overall trapping in photosynthetic units Summary: The ideal antenna system-The role of the protein References Further reading Chapter-2---Transport-of-electrons_2022_Photosynthesis-in-Action Transport of electrons General principles of photosynthetic conversion of light energy Linear electron transport Cyclic electron transport The protein complexes involved in electron transport and ATP synthesis Photosystem II Photosystem I Cytochrome b6f ATP synthesis Chapter-3---Carbon-fixation_2022_Photosynthesis-in-Action Carbon fixation Introduction Diffusion of CO2 from the atmosphere into the leaf The gaseous phase Stomatal behaviour Possible approaches to improve carbon fixation by manipulating gs Diffusion of CO2 inside the leaf The liquid phase Dynamics of mesophyll conductance Possible approaches to improve carbon fixation by manipulating gm Carbon fixation pathways C3 carbon fixation cycle Light regulation of Calvin cycle enzymes Photorespiration Alternative carbon fixation pathways that reduce photorespiration C4 photosynthesis Crassulacean acid metabolism Genetic manipulation Conclusion References Chapter-4---Abiotic-stress-and-adaptation-in-light-_2022_Photosynthesis-in-A Abiotic stress and adaptation in light harvesting Introduction: Why photosynthetic organisms adapt to environmental light? Nonphotochemical quenching Introduction: NPQ is a process to dump excess energy Xanthophylls Photoprotective proteins Nonphotochemical quenching in terrestrial photosynthesis Nonphotochemical quenching in aquatic photosynthesis State transitions Introduction: State transitions balance the power between the two photosystems Redox control LHCII phosphorylation/dephosphorylation Molecular remodelling of photosystems References Chapter-5---Abiotic-stress-and-adaptation-of-electron-transp_2022_Photosynth Abiotic stress and adaptation of electron transport: Regulation of the production and processing of ROS signal ... Introduction Redox reactions and the photosynthetic electron transport chain ROS production in the chloroplast stroma Lipid phase ROS production Lumen side ROS reduction Thioredoxin-dependent control of photosynthetic electron transport ROS as chloroplast signals Regulation of 1O2 production and signalling Conclusions and perspectives References Chapter-6---Abiotic-stress--acclimation--and-adaptation_2022_Photosynthesis- Abiotic stress, acclimation, and adaptation in carbon fixation processes Introduction What is stress? The physical environment and optimality The interplay between environment, photoprotection, and electron transport determine CO2 assimilation The CBC under stress Photosynthetic acclimation to growth temperature The CBC at temperature extremes Salt and nutrient stress CO2 uptake by leaves under stress Stomatal closure Stomatal anatomical adaptation Changing environments and acclimation Photosynthetic acclimation to changes in light Developmental acclimation Dynamic acclimation Excess light: Photoprotection Photosynthesis and fluctuating light Agriculture and productivity Summary References Chapter-7---Improving-light-harvesting_2022_Photosynthesis-in-Action Improving light harvesting Functional architecture and molecular physiology of light harvesting in plants and green algae Biological constraints in light-use efficiency Land plants Green microalgae Targets for improved light harvesting: The `cooperative interaction concept Lowering cell absorptivity Decreasing photoprotective energy loss Enhancing light capture Sensing the ratio of red to far-red radiation Optimised variation in leaf angle Optimisation of light harvesting in plants through genetic engineering Engineering of the light-harvesting system in green algae Concluding remarks References Chapter-8---Improving-the-transport-of-electron_2022_Photosynthesis-in-Actio Improving the transport of electrons Layout of photosynthetic electron transport chains in plants and cyanobacteria What do chloroplast and cyanobacterial electron transport chains have in common? What is different about cyanobacterial electron transport chains? Time-scales, length-scales, and constraints in electron transport How far do electrons travel? How fast do electrons travel? Factors that determine where electrons go Light-harvesting Concentrations of electron transport components Location of electron transport components Ways to manipulate electron transport Removal of competing pathways Controlling the location of electron acceptors Addition of heterologous electron acceptors How much can electron transport be `improved? References Chapter-9---Improving-carbon-fixation_2022_Photosynthesis-in-Action Improving carbon fixation Introduction Improving carbon fixation by manipulation carboxylation (rubisco) Improving carbon fixation by concentrating CO2 in leaf chloroplasts Re-engineer the photorespiratory pathway using nonnative genes and alternative metabolic pathways Identifying enzymes, other than rubisco that limit photosynthetic carbon fixation Evidence that transgenic manipulation of RuBP regeneration can increase CO2 fixation Evidence that transgenic multiple target manipulation of photosynthesis could result in a cumulative increase in yield Increasing photorespiratory activity increases biomass yield Combining overexpression of the glycine decarboxylase H subunit and CB cycle enzymes Unexpected outcomes Future prospects and conclusion References Chapter-10---Integrating-the-stages-of-photosynth_2022_Photosynthesis-in-Act Integrating the stages of photosynthesis The integration of processes in photosynthesis under steady state conditions Introduction The environment Carbon dioxide Irradiance Light absorption, photosynthetic pigments, and their organisation Photosynthetic metabolism and the fixation of carbon dioxide The Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle Rubisco-A problem enzyme General characteristics of rubisco and the carboxylation of RuBP Oxygenation of RuBP by rubisco and photorespiration Rubisco and its activation and inactivation Regulation of the CBB The thermodynamic efficiency of the CBB Photochemistry, and subsequent electron and proton transport A summary of photochemistry and the electron transport system The general organisation of the light-harvesting and electron and proton transport Linear and cyclic electron transport have different capacities to form reductant and ATP Meeting the ratio of demand for ATP and NADPH by the CBB and PCO Assimilation and its response to irradiance in leaves Assimilation in the light-limited part of the irradiance response curve What is the maximum efficiency for the quantum efficiency of assimilation on an absorbed light basis? The loss of light-use efficiency as irradiance increases beyond the light-limited region; Pmax and excess light The light-use efficiency of photosystems I and II declines with increasing irradiance The loss of PSI efficiency for electron transport PSII: The loss of efficiency arises from QA reduction and the qE component of NPQ The limitation of electron transport and the importance of lumen pH Can metabolism control electron transport? Why are electron transport and qE controlled; the significance of reactive oxygen species Superoxide and electron transport Singlet oxygen and PSII Photosynthetic responses to fluctuations in irradiance Measurement of photosynthesis transients: The new normal Regulation of photosynthesis in fluctuating irradiance Electron and proton transport regulation Enzyme activation and metabolite turnover CO2 diffusion Environmental factors affect the rapidity of photosynthetic responses to fluctuating light Genotypic variation in dynamic photosynthesis Modelling leaf photosynthesis as a system Steady-state models of photosynthesis The FvCB model Scaling up from chloroplasts Reaction-based models Dynamic models of photosynthesis About the use and parameterisation of models of photosynthesis The different uses of models Mechanistic vs empirical models and model complexity Estimating parameters from data Conclusions References Chapter-11---Photosynthesis-in-action--The-global_2022_Photosynthesis-in-Act Photosynthesis in action: The global view The past-Role of photosynthesis for co-evolution of life and earth Present-Reversal of long-term natural carbon capture Future of the earth system-Modelling approaches, predictions of ongoing and future changes, and comparison with observ ... Carbon cycle representation in Earth-System models Carbon assimilation at the leaf level Carbon supply to leaf (`supply side) Carbon fixation capacity (`demand) Observed and predicted future land vegetation changes References Further reading Index_2022_Photosynthesis-in-Action Index A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z "Photosynthesis in Action examines the molecular mechanisms, adaptations and improvements of photosynthesis. With a strong focus on the latest research and advances, the book also analyzes the impact the process has on the biosphere and the effect of global climate change. Fundamental topics such as harvesting light, the transport of electronics and fixing carbon are discussed. The book also reviews the latest research on how abiotic stresses affect these key processes as well as how to improve each of them. This title explains how the process is flexible in adaptations and how it can be engineered to be made more effective" -- Provided by publisher website