Photomovement of Dunaliella Teod.

In a broad context, the term photomovement encompasses any movement or its alteration induced by light. Photomovement is the result of the photoregulation of movement – which includes an entire complex of elementary processes caused by a light stimulus such as photoreception, primary reactions of the photoreceptor pigments, and the sensory transduction of the light stimulus into a physiological signal that governs the activity of the motor apparatus and results in the photoorientation of the organism. The authors review the historical development and current state of the art in the biology of photomovement in algae and discuss problems in terminology and a logical basis for classification of photomovement in microorganisms. Their research has focused on two species of Dunaliella Teod., D. salina Teod. and D. viridis Teod., as the principal organisms investigated. The results of experimental investigations on the critical factors controlling and modulating photomovement are described and include the effects of various abiotic factors and critical aspects of photomovement. Cover 1 Photomovement of Dunaliella Teod. 4 ISBN 9783834809742 5 Preface 8 Contents 10 List of Figures and Photographes 14 List of Tables 20 Introduction 23 Chapter 1 Photomovement of Algae – Historical Overview of Research and Current State of the Art 27 Chapter 2 Terminology and the Fundamentals of Classification of Light-Induced Behaviour in Freely Motile Microorganisms 35 2.1. Stare of the Art 35 2.2. Paramelrical Classification Principles for Photomovement in Orga nisms 40 2.3. Summary 44 Chapter 3 Investigations with Species of Dunaliella Teod. 45 3.1. History of the Discovery and Description of the Genus Dunuliella 45 3.2. Characteristics of the Test Species 49 3.3. Cultivation of the Species 51 Chapter 4 Investigation of Photomovement in Dunaliella 53 4.1. Methods of Investigating the Photomovement Parameters in Dnnaliella 53 4.1.1. Experimental Installation 53 4.1.2. Measuring the movement velocity of the cells 54 4.1.3. Measuring the phototopotaxis 54 4.1.4. Fourier Transform of Angular Distribution of the Cells 56 4.2. Results of Measurement of Photomovement Parameters in Duna liella 57 4.2.1. Photokinesis and Photokinetic Reactions 57 4.2.2. Phototopotaxis 60 4.2.3. Results of Fourier Transform of Angular Distribution of the Cells 66 4.3. Summary 68 Chapter 5 Effect of Abiotic Factors on Photomovement Parameters of Dunaliella 71 5.1. Effect of Temperature 71 5.2. Effect of Electrical Fields 72 5.3. Effect of pH 74 5.4. Simultaneous Effect of Several Externat Factors 77 5.5. Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation 80 5.6. Effect of lonizing Radiation 88 5.7. Summary 91 Chapter 6 Structure of the Photoreceptor System 93 6.1. Problems associated with Photoreception of AIgae 93 6.2. Structure of Photoreceptor Systems in Green Algae 93 6.3. Structure of the Photoreceptor System of Dunaliella 98 6.3.1. Stigma 98 6.3.2. Structure of the Photoreceptor 99 6.3.3. Application of Two- Beam Irradiation to Dunaliellu Cells 101 6.4. Summary 103 Chapter 7 Identification of Photoreceptor Pigments 105 7.1. Characteristics of Photoreceptor Pigments 105 7.2. Identification or Photoreceptor Pigments in Euglena gracilis 105 7.2.1. Euglena gracilis Photoreceptor Pigments 105 7.2.2. Pigment Isolation 106 7.2.3. Microspectrosphotometry and Microfluorometry of Pigments 106 7.2.4. Determination of the Action Spectra for Photobiological Reactions 108 7.2.5. Biochemical Methods 109 7.2.6. Effect of Exogenous Chemicals on Photomovement 110 7.2.7. Introduetion of Alternative Photoreceptor Pigments 110 7.3. Identification of Photoreceptor Pigments in Green AIgae 111 7.4. ldentification of the Photoreceptor Pigments in Dunaliella 115 7.4.1. Analysis of the Phototopotaxis Action Spectra in Dunaliella 115 7.4.2. Application of Lateral Ultraviolet lrradiation 115 7.5. Summary 118 Chapter 8 Mechanisms of Photoreception and Photoorientation in Dunaliella 119 8.1. Photoreception and Photoorientation Mechanisms in Algae 119 8.2. Diffractional Mechanisms of Photoreception and Photoorientation in Dunaliella 122 8.3. Role of Proteins in Photoregulation Mechanisms in Flagellates 125 8.4. Summary 126 Chapter 9 Sensory Transduction 127 9.1. Methods for Investigation of Sensory Transduction 127 9.2. Sensory Transduction in Euglena gracilis 127 9.3. Sensory Transduction in Green AIgae 129 9.4. Sensory Transduction in DunaIiella 131 9.4.1. Methods of lnvestigation 131 9.4.2. Effect of Calcium Ions 131 9.4.3. Effect of lonophore A23 187 133 9.4.4. Effect of Ouabain 134 9.4.5. Effect of Cobalt Ions 134 9.4.6. Effect of Cinnarizine and lsoptin 135 9.4.7. Effect of Sodium Azide 137 9.5. Summary 139 Chapter 10 Flagella Apparatus 141 10.1. Structure 141 10.2. Peculiarities of Flagellar Beating 141 10.2.1. Flagella Beating in Euglena gracilis 141 10.2.2. Flagella Beating in Green Algae 142 10.2.3. Flagella Beating in Dunaliella 143 10.3. Analysis of Flagellar Beating 144 10.3.1. High-Speed Microcinematography 144 10.3.2. Laser Light Scattering 144 10.3.3. Method of Microphotometry 145 10.4. Summary 146 Chapter 11 Applied Aspects of Aquatic Biomonitoring Vsing the Photomovement of Dunaliella 147 11.1. Algae of Genus Dunaliella as Test-Objects 147 11.2. Photomovement Parameters of Dunaliella as Test-Functions 151 11.3. Effect of Surface-Active Substances on Photomovement of Dunaliella 152 11.3.1. Characteristics of Surface-Active Substauces 152 11.3.2. Effect of Various Types of Surface-Active Substances, their Combinations and Duration of Action on the Velocity of Movement in Dunaliella 153 11.4. Investigation of the Effect of Heavy Metals on Photomovement in Dunaliella Using Laser Doppler Spectroscopy 156 11.5. Vector Method of Biomonitoring 159 11.5.1. Dependence of Vector R on the Type and Concentration of Surface-Active Substances 161 11.5.2. Dependence of Vector R on the type and concentration of heavy metals 163 11.5.3. Dependence of Vector R on the Type and Concentration of Pesticides 170 11.5.4. Advantages of the Vector Method for Biomonitoring 172 11.6. Summary 172 Chapter 12 Dunaliella Biotechnology 173 12.1. Carotenoids, ß-carotene Biosynthesis and Stereoisomers 173 12.2. Use of DunaIiella salina for the Commercial Production of ß-carotene 175 12.3. Summary 180 Chapter 13 General Results and Perspectives of Further Investigations 181 13.1. Problems of Terminology 181 13.2. Phenomenology of Photomovement 182 13.3. Photoreactions 182 13.4. Photokinesis 182 13.5. Phototopotaxis 183 13.6. Motility 184 13.7. Photoreceptor System 185 13.8. Mechanisms of Photoreception 185 13.9. Sensory Transduction of the Light Signal 186 13.10. Importance of Data on Algal Photomovement for Related Fields of Science 186 13.1.1. Applied lmportance of Data on the Photomovement of Algae 189 References 191 Index of Latin Names 237 Subject Index 239 Author's Index 243 Chemicals – CAS nomenclature 245 About the Authors 247 3834809748,9783834809742 Vieweg+Teubner Verlag 2010