Photogrammetric Survey for the Recording and Documentation of Historic Buildings

This book provides state-of-the-art information on photogrammetry for cultural heritage, exploring the problems and presenting solutions that are applicable under real-world conditions and in various disciplines. Allowing readers to gain a basic understanding of cultural heritage documentation and practical image-based modelling techniques, it focuses on the use of photogrammetry to enhance the documentation of historic buildings in order to reflect the international trends and meet demands of the preservation community. Addressing heritage documentation from various perspectives, the book will appeal students and researchers from engineering backgrounds as well as from the arts and humanities. Preface 8 Acknowledgements 11 Contents 13 Symbols 16 1 Introduction 17 1.1 Cultural Heritage International Context 17 1.2 Thematic Introduction 21 1.3 Scientific Setting 22 1.4 Book Structure 24 References 25 2 Terminology and International Framework for Documentation 26 2.1 Glossary 26 2.2 International Organizations 32 2.2.1 International Council on Monuments and Sites—ICOMOS 32 2.2.2 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing—ISPRS 33 2.2.3 CIPA Heritage Documentation—CIPA 34 2.3 Charters—Conventions—Principles 34 2.3.1 Athens Charter of 1931 36 2.3.2 Venice Charter of 1964 36 2.3.3 World Heritage Convention of 1972 38 2.3.4 The Burra Charter of 1979, 1999 and 2013 40 2.3.5 ICOMOS—Principles for the Recording of Monuments, Groups of Buildings and Sites of 1996 41 2.3.6 Other ICOMOS Principles 43 2.4 Other International Initiatives 44 2.4.1 Docomomo International 44 2.4.2 RecorDIM Initiative 45 2.4.3 The London Charter 46 2.4.4 The Seville Principles 47 References 47 3 The Need for Documentation 49 3.1 Defining Documentation 50 3.1.1 The 5W1H of Documentation 53 3.2 The Need for Documentation 55 3.2.1 Data and Processes 56 3.2.2 Cultural Heritage and Open Data 75 3.2.3 Intellectual Property on Cultural Heritage 80 3.2.4 Sensors and Systems 82 3.2.5 Tools and Software 94 3.3 Human Threats and Natural Hazards 96 3.3.1 Buddhas of Bamiyan, Afghanistan 96 3.3.2 The Plaka Bridge, Greece 97 References 102 4 Historic Buildings 105 4.1 Architectural, Historic and Cultural Interest 105 4.1.1 Age 106 4.1.2 Architectural Character 106 4.1.3 History 106 4.1.4 Uniqueness 106 4.2 Building Location and Sense 107 4.2.1 Setting 109 4.3 Building Identity 109 4.4 Building Materials and Construction 110 4.5 Building Pathology 118 4.5.1 Water Damage 118 4.5.2 Freeze and Thaw 119 4.5.3 Salt Damage 120 4.5.4 Biological Decay (Rotting, Plant Growth...) 121 4.5.5 Corrosion 121 4.5.6 Cracks 122 4.6 Historic Building Information Systems 123 4.6.1 The Example of Casa Italiana in New York 124 References 131 5 Planning: Prior Building Surveying and Documentation 132 5.1 Building Surveying Assignment 132 5.1.1 Agreement and Contract 133 5.1.2 Requirements 134 5.1.3 Specifications 139 5.2 2D or 3D Historic Building Surveying? 141 5.3 Planning a Surveying and Documentation Campaign 142 5.4 How to Preserve the Records? 144 5.5 Safety 144 5.6 Issues of Standardization 145 5.6.1 Two International Initiatives 148 5.6.2 A Role for Industry 4.0 150 References 151 6 Measurements: Introduction to Photogrammetry 152 6.1 Why and When to Choose Photogrammetry 152 6.2 Historical Review on the Invention of Photogrammetry 153 6.3 Introduction to Photogrammetry 156 6.4 Basic Principles of Photogrammetry 159 6.4.1 The Pinhole Camera Model 160 6.4.2 The Mathematical Model 161 6.4.3 Single Image Rectification 166 6.4.4 Camera Interior Orientation—Camera Calibration 174 6.4.5 Control Points—Exterior Orientation 178 6.5 Stereo and Multi-image Photogrammetry 183 6.5.1 Interior Orientation 186 6.5.2 Relative Orientation 188 6.5.3 Absolute Orientation 195 6.5.4 Bundle Adjustment 198 6.6 Structure from Motion 203 References 207 7 Production: Generating Photogrammetric Outcomes 209 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 Digital Image 210 7.2.1 Radiometric Properties of Digital Image 211 7.2.2 Geometric Properties of Digital Image 214 7.3 Image Matching Techniques 217 7.3.1 Area-Based Matching 218 7.3.2 Featured-Based Matching 224 7.3.3 Image Content Enhancement 235 7.4 Dense Image Matching 237 7.4.1 Semi-global Matching 237 7.4.2 Dense Image Matching Algorithms 239 7.4.3 Point Cloud 243 7.5 Orthoimage Production 248 7.6 Summary—the Image-Based Method Ecosystem 251 References 251 Appendix A The Venice Charter 1964 255 Appendix B World Heritage Convention 1972 260 Appendix C ICOMOS Principles 1996 278 Front Matter ....Pages i-xix Introduction (Efstratios Stylianidis)....Pages 1-9 Terminology and International Framework for Documentation (Efstratios Stylianidis)....Pages 11-33 The Need for Documentation (Efstratios Stylianidis)....Pages 35-90 Historic Buildings (Efstratios Stylianidis)....Pages 91-117 Planning: Prior Building Surveying and Documentation (Efstratios Stylianidis)....Pages 119-138 Measurements: Introduction to Photogrammetry (Efstratios Stylianidis)....Pages 139-195 Production: Generating Photogrammetric Outcomes (Efstratios Stylianidis)....Pages 197-242 Back Matter ....Pages 243-270