Photo-switched Biodegradation of Bioplastics in Marine Environments

This book presents the novel concept of photo-switched biodegradation of bioplastics which is one of the important methods to overcome plastic waste issues in oceans. The different chapters discuss topics associated with a wide range of biorefinery plant cultivation, cell bioengineering in silico/wet, plastic design with photo-controlled biodegradation, photocatalysis design, evaluation of biodegradability, polymer toxicity, and plastic edibility. The book contributes to various Sustainable Development Goals such as SDG 14―Life Below Water; SDG 9―Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure; SDG 12―Responsible Consumption and Production; and SDG 15―Life on Land. It is a useful source for academic scientists in the fields of organic chemistry, photocatalysts, organic/inorganic composites, cell biology, plant biology, plastic processing, social control of wastes, environmental science, marine technology, and engineers. The book plays a big part in paradigm-changing innovation and transforms the petrochemical industry which has reached maturity, into a biochemical industry. Preface Contents Introduction—Next Generation Biodegradable Plastics 1 General Introduction 2 Innovative Natural Polymers Used as Plastics 2.1 Polysaccharide-Derived 2.2 Protein-Derived 2.3 Nucleic Acid-Derived 3 Biomass Plastic Showing Biodegradability 3.1 Poly(Lactic Acid) 3.2 Poly(Glycolic Acid) 4 Petroleum-Derived Plastics Showing Biodegradability 4.1 Poly(Butylene Succinate) 4.2 Poly(Butylene Adipate Terephthalate) 5 Biomass Plastic Showing Biodegradability Under Special Conditions 5.1 Bio-PET 5.2 Bio-Polyurethane References Biorefinery: Microbial Production of Building Blocks from Plant Resources for the Synthesis of Bioplastics 1 Biorefinery to Utilize Lignocellulosic Biomass 1.1 Biorefinery Feedstocks 1.2 Sorghum: As a Leading Candidate of Biorefinery Feedstock 1.3 Pretreatment and Hydrolyzation of Biorefinery Feedstocks 2 Microbial Production of Building Blocks for Bio-based Polymer Synthesis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Production of Aliphatic Compounds from Lignocellulosic Biomass 2.3 Production of Aromatic Compounds from Lignocellulosic Biomass 2.4 Production of Itaconic Acid from Lignocellulosic Biomass 2.5 Bioplastics Produced from Biomass 2.6 Future Perspectives References Syntheses of Biobased Polymers Using Bio/Naturally Derived Products 1 Production of Biobased Polymers 2 Polycinnamate as Biobased Aromatic Polyester 2.1 High-Performance Polymers 2.2 Biobased Adhesive 2.3 Photoresponsive Materials 2.4 Shape Memory Materials 3 Biobased High-Performance Polymers Using Amino Acid as Diamine 3.1 Hetero Diamine-Based Polymers 3.2 Cyclic Dipeptide-Based Polymers for Self-assembly 4 Biobased High-Performance and Functional Polymers Using Cinnamate Dimers 4.1 Biobased Polyimides 4.2 Organic-Solvent/Water-Soluble Polyimides 4.3 Polyimide Hydrogels for PH-Responsive Gel 5 Itaconic Acid-Based Polyamides as a Degradable Plastics 6 Summary References Modification Techniques for Biomass-Based Plastics 1 Viscoelastic Properties in the Molten State 2 Modification of Rheological Properties and Processability 3 Modification of Crystallization Rate 4 Modification of Mechanical Toughness References Photoinduced Hydrophilicity and Antimicrobial Activity by Photocatalysis 1 Introduction 2 Photocatalytic Activity 3 Photoinduced Hydrophilicity of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Thin Films 4 Photoinduced Hydrophilicity of Photocatalysts 5 Antibacterial and Antiviral 6 Antibacterial and Antiviral Activity with Photocatalyst References Environmental Degradation of Polymers and Methods of Its Acceleration/Suppression 1 Environmental Degradation of Polymers 2 Photocatalysts in Accelerating the Environmental Degradation of Polymers 3 Stabilization of Polymers by Additives References Biodegradation of Biodegradable Plastics in Seawater 1 Marine Plastic Litter Problem and Biodegradable Plastics 2 Biodegradable Plastics 3 Evaluation Method of Marine Biodegradation 4 Seawater Biodegradability of Biodegradable Plastics 5 Polyamide 4 and Its Biodegradation 6 Conclusion References Biodegradation Control of Ocean-Degradable Plastics by Photo-Switching 1 Introduction 2 Biodegradable Plastics and Biodegradation Control 3 Development of Photo-Switching Ocean-Degradable Plastics Utilizing the Antibacterial Function of Photocatalyst 4 Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Photocatalytic Composite Film Under Light Irradiation 5 Future Subjects and Prospects References Structural Analysis of Nylon Hydrolase and Enzymatic Approach to Hydrolyze Polyamide Nylon 1 Introduction 2 Characterization and Structure of NylC 3 Effect of Amino Acid Substitutions on Protein Thermostability 4 Structural Basis for the Enhanced Thermostability by Mutations 5 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Polyamide Nylon6 6 Quantification of Degradation Velocity Using Thin Nylon Film 7 Prospects for Industrial Applications of Nylon Hydrolase References Ecotoxicity Assessment of Biodegradable Plastics in Marine Environments Abbreviations 1 Risk Assessment of Chemicals 1.1 Basic Concept 1.2 Ecotoxicity Testing to Determine PNEC 1.2.1 Effects on Bacteria and Algae 1.2.2 Effects on Invertebrates 1.2.3 Effects on Fish 1.3 Example of Environmental Risk Assessment 2 Ecotoxicity of BPs, CPs, and Related Compounds 2.1 Ecotoxicity on Microorganisms and Small Organisms 2.1.1 PLA 2.1.2 PHB 2.1.3 Commercial Products 2.2 Effects of Chemicals Blended in Plastics on Fish 2.3 Effects of Microplastics on Fish 3 Ecotoxicological Concerns on Biodegradable Plastics References