Photo Acoustic and Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging: Angiography: - An Application in Vessel Imaging (Volume 3)

This book covers the state-of-the-art techniques of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) imaging for the diagnosis of retinal diseases. It is part of a three-volume work that describes the latest imaging techniques in which to bring optical coherence tomography (OCT), Fundus Imaging and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) to accurately facilitate the diagnosis of retinal diseases. Clinical disorders of the retina have been attracting the attention of researchers, aiming at reducing the blindness rate. This includes uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, endophthalmitis, proliferative retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. Treatment is significantly dependent on having early and accurate diagnosis, which can be significantly improved by employing the techniques described in the book.Key Features:Provides a comprehensive overview of all pertinent topics related to optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) imaging techniques, applicable to diagnosis of eye disorders.Offers a unique coverage of Neural Networks in distinguishing eye diseases.Machine learning techniques are presented in detail throughout.Many of the chapter contributors are world-class researchers.Extensive references will be provided at the end of each chapter to enhance further study. PRELIMS.pdf Preface Acknowledgements Editor biographies Ayman El-Baz Jasjit S Suri List of contributors Rupesh Agrawal Minhaj Nur Alam Muhammad Amer Awan Francesco Bandello Enrico Borrelli Davide Borroni Talisa de Carlo Carlo Di Biase Dongxu Gao Onur Gökmen Adekunle Hassan Smaha Jahangir Patrick Kelley Hashim Ali Khan Muna Kharel Anadi Khatri Taehoon Kim Gregg Kokame David Le Jennifer I Lim Savita Madhusudhan Olwen C Murphy Ogugua Okonkwo Muhammet Derda Özer Araniko Pandey Eli Pradhan Gunjan Prasai Francesco Prascina Giuseppe Querques Lea Querques Julie Rodman Riccardo Sacconi Shiv Saidha Muhammad Aamir Shahzad Kinsuk Singh Taeyoon Son Meysam Tavakoli Xiyin Wu Xincheng Yao Yalin Zheng Ilaria Zucchiatti CH001.pdf Chapter 1 Clinical application of optical coherence tomography angiography in retinal diseases 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Comparison of OCTA with FA and ICGA 1.3 Principles and methods of OCTA 1.3.1 Phase based strategies 1.3.2 Intensity/amplitude based strategies 1.3.3 Complex signal-based OCTA 1.4 Commercial devices 1.4.1 RTVue XR Avanti 1.4.2 Topcon Triton SS OCTAngioTM 1.4.3 ZEISS AngioPlexTM 1.4.4 Heidelberg Spectralis® OCTA 1.4.5 Nidek AngioScan 1.5 OCTA of normal retina 1.5.1 Retinal and choroidal vasculature 1.5.2 Default OCTA segmentations 1.5.3 Artifacts 1.6 OCTA in retinal vascular diseases 1.6.1 Diabetic retinopathy 1.6.2 Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) 1.6.3 Retinal artery occlusion 1.6.4 Central serous chorioretinopathy 1.6.5 Macular telangiectasia 1.6.6 Other retinal diseases 1.7 Choroidal diseases 1.7.1 Dry age-related macular degeneration and variants 1.7.2 Wet AMD and variants 1.8 OCTA in ocular inflammation 1.9 Conclusion References CH002.pdf Chapter 2 Longitudinal optical coherence tomography and angiography of hyaloid vascular regression in developing mouse eyes 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Methods 2.2.1 OCT/OCTA imaging system 2.2.2 OCT/OCTA image acquisition 2.2.3 Quantitative image analysis 2.2.4 Animals 2.3 Results 2.3.1 OCTA monitoring of hyaloid vascular regression 2.3.2 Accelerated regression of hyaloid vessels in retinal degeneration mice 2.4 Discussion 2.5 Conclusion References CH003.pdf Chapter 3 Stripe noise removal and vessel segmentation of OCTA images 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Two-stage strategy (TSS) 3.2.1 The first stage: stripe noise removal of OCTA images 3.2.2 The second stage: segmentation of vessels from stripe denoised images 3.3 Joint destriping and segmentation of OCTA images (JDS) 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Datasets 3.4.2 Effectiveness of destriping 3.4.3 Effectiveness of segmentation 3.5 Discussion and conclusions References CH004.pdf Chapter 4 Optical coherence tomography angiography changes in early type 3 neovascularization after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Nascent type 3 MNV 4.3 Treatment of active type 3 MNV 4.4 OCT-A features of recurrent type 3 MNV after anti-VEGF injections References CH005.pdf Chapter 5 Optical coherence tomography angiography in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the retina 5.2.1 Retinal OCT in multiple sclerosis (MS) 5.2.2 Retinal OCT in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) 5.3 Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) of the retina 5.3.1 OCTA in MS 5.3.2 OCTA in NMOSD 5.4 Limitations of OCTA 5.5 Conclusions References CH006.pdf Chapter 6 Optical coherence tomography angiography for the diagnosis of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy 6.1 Introduction 6.2 OCTA for the diagnosis of PCV 6.2.1 OCT angiograms 6.2.2 OCT b-scans 6.2.3 OCTA image set 6.3 Discussion 6.4 Conclusion References CH007.pdf Chapter 7 Quantitative features for objective assessment of OCT angiography 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Quantitative OCTA features 7.2.1 Blood vessel density 7.2.2 Blood vessel caliber 7.2.3 Blood vessel tortuosity 7.2.4 Vessel perimeter index 7.2.5 Foveal avascular zone features 7.2.6 Vessel complexity features 7.2.7 Branchpoint analysis 7.2.8 Flow analysis 7.2.9 Choroidal vasculature 7.2.10 Differential artery–vein (A–V) analysis 7.3 Machine learning techniques in objective OCTA analysis 7.4 Discussion References CH008.pdf Chapter 8 Clinical utility of OCT-angio in age-related macular degeneration 8.1 Clinical features and OCTA correlates of early AMD 8.1.1 Role of chorioretinal flow characteristic in pathogenesis of drusen 8.2 Geographic atrophy 8.3 Neovascular AMD 8.3.1 Type 1 MNV 8.3.2 Type 2 MNV 8.3.3 Type 3 MNV 8.4 Diagnostic accuracy of OCTA 8.5 OCTA for guiding treatment of AMD References CH009.pdf Chapter 9 Optical coherence tomography angiography imaging in age-related macular degeneration 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The principles Of OCTA technology and image quantification methods 9.3 FFA, ICG, and OCTA 9.4 AMD types 9.5 OCTA features in AMD 9.6 Dry-type age-related macular degeneration 9.7 Wet-type age-related macular degeneration 9.8 Conclusion References CH010.pdf Chapter 10 Optical coherence tomography angiography in ophthalmology: an application in vessel imaging 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Principles of OCTA 10.2.1 Variants 10.2.2 Fundamentals of OCTA in ophthalmology 10.2.3 Scanning technique 10.3 OCTA of normal eyes 10.4 Current applications of OCTA in ophthalmology 10.4.1 OCTA in dry (non-neovascular) AMD 10.4.2 OCTA in wet (neovascular) AMD 10.4.3 OCTA in diabetic retinopathy 10.4.4 OCTA in artery and vein occlusion 10.4.5 OCTA in glaucoma 10.4.6 OCTA in uveitis 10.5 The future of OCTA and ophthalmology 10.5.1 Non-invasive imaging and neurovascular coupling References CH011.pdf Chapter 11 Optical coherence tomography angiography: principles and clinical application Abbreviations 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Principles of OCTA 11.2.1 Basics 11.2.2 Image segmentation 11.2.3 En face imaging 11.3 OCTA technology: software and hardware 11.4 FA versus OCTA comparison 11.4.1 Limitations of OCTA 11.4.2 A summary of OCTA artifacts 11.5 OCTA imaging of the normal retina and optic disc 11.6 OCTA clinical application 11.6.1 Uveitis 11.6.2 Diabetic retinopathy 11.6.3 Macular degeneration 11.6.4 Retinal vein occlusion 11.6.5 Retinal artery occlusion 11.6.6 Vitreomacular interface disease 11.6.7 Glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) 11.6.8 Miscellaneous 11.7 Discussion 11.8 Conclusion References CH012.pdf Chapter 12 A comprehensive survey on computer-aided diagnostic systems in diabetic retinopathy screening Important acronyms 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Clinical signs of diabetic retinopathy 12.1.2 Stages of diabetic retinopathy 12.1.3 Retinal imaging and databases 12.2 Computer-aided diagnosis and diabetic retinopathy 12.3 Retinal landmarks detection 12.3.1 Localization and segmentation of optic nerve head 12.3.2 Vessel segmentation 12.3.3 Localization of the fovea 12.4 Detection of retinal lesions 12.4.1 Microaneurysm and haemorrhage detection 12.4.2 Exudates segmentation 12.5 Artificial intelligence in diabetic retinopathy 12.5.1 Overview of deep learning 12.6 Conclusion References