Phosphorus: Polluter and Resource of the Future: Motivations, Technologies and Assessment of the Elimination and Recovery of Phosphorus from Wastewater

Cover......Page 1 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 About the Editor......Page 22 Preface – Phosphorus: Curse and Blessing?......Page 24 Part I: Phosphorus – A Special Element......Page 28 1.1 Introduction......Page 30 1.2 Perceptions of Phosphorus as a Pollutant......Page 32 1.3.1 The phosphorus transfer continuum......Page 36 1.4 Reactive P from Urban Environments......Page 41 1.4.1 Urban wastewater discharges......Page 42 1.5 Are All Sources of Phosphorus Equally Polluting?......Page 43 1.5.1 Ecological relevance of phosphorus forms......Page 44 1.6.1 Point source controls......Page 46 1.6.2 Diffuse source controls......Page 47 1.7 Strategies Towards More Sustainable Phosphorus Use......Page 48 1.8 Conclusions......Page 49 1.9 References......Page 50 2.1 Introduction......Page 62 2.2 The European Union......Page 65 2.3 The United States......Page 71 2.4 Australia......Page 72 2.5 Japan......Page 74 2.6 South and East Asia......Page 76 2.7 Africa......Page 78 2.9 Conclusions......Page 79 2.10 References......Page 80 3.1 Introduction......Page 84 3.2.1 Phosphorus flows in Europe......Page 85 3.2.2 Global phosphorus flows......Page 90 3.3.1 Definition of resources and reserves......Page 97 3.4.1 Economic scarcity......Page 101 3.4.2 Environmental pollution......Page 102 3.4.4 Regional differences in phosphorus balances......Page 103 3.6 References......Page 104 Part II: Elimination of Phosphorus from Wastewater......Page 108 4.1 Origin of Phosphorus in Wastewater......Page 110 4.2.1 Domestic wastewater......Page 115 4.2.2 Wastewater from industrial and commercial sources......Page 119 4.3.1 Speciation of phosphorus......Page 120 4.3.2 Determination of phosphorus in water and wastewater......Page 124 4.3.3 Sequential extraction procedures to determine the binding form of phosphorus......Page 131 4.4 References......Page 132 5.1 Biological Phosphorus Removal......Page 136 5.1.1 Process configurations for EBPR......Page 137 5.1.2 Factors affecting performance......Page 140 5.2 Chemical Phosphorus Removal......Page 145 5.2.1 Process principles......Page 146 5.2.2 Mechanisms of chemical phosphorus removal......Page 147 5.2.3 Applications of chemical phosphorus removal......Page 155 5.3 References......Page 156 6.1 Necessity of Advanced Phosphorus and Particle Removal......Page 160 6.2 Phosphorus and Particles......Page 161 6.3 Processes of Advanced P-Elimination......Page 163 6.4.2 Sedimentation, lamella separator, flotation in combination with post-precipitation......Page 164 6.4.3 Filtration processes......Page 166 6.4.4 Shallow bed filtration......Page 168 6.4.5 Deep bed filtration......Page 171 6.4.6 Membrane filtration......Page 173 6.5 Assessment of the Different Particle Separation Processes......Page 174 6.6 References......Page 175 7.1 Introduction......Page 178 7.2 Determination of Dewaterability of Sewage Sludges......Page 179 7.3 Impact of was and Biological P-Removal on Sludge Dewatering......Page 185 7.4 Alternative for Mitigating the Impact of EBPR on Dewatering......Page 191 7.4.2 Stored phosphorus release......Page 192 7.4.3 Thermal and chemical thermal cell lysis......Page 195 7.4.4 Struvite precipitation......Page 196 7.6 References......Page 198 8.1 Introduction......Page 202 8.2.1 Kinetic values of conventional biological phosphorus removal......Page 204 8.2.2 Optimization of classical biological phosphorus removal......Page 206 8.2.3 Membrane processes......Page 208 8.2.4 Alternative microorganisms and metabolic processes for phosphorus fixation......Page 209 8.3.1 Microbial fuel cell......Page 210 8.3.2 Algae and macrophyte cultures (aquatic plants)......Page 211 8.3.3 Use of enzymes/proteins......Page 212 8.3.4 Bioleaching......Page 213 8.3.5 P-mobilization by bacterial colonization......Page 214 8.3.6 Plant systems for heavy metal depletion......Page 215 8.4 Emerging Process Designs and Their Impact on Phosphorus Removal and Recovery......Page 216 8.4.1 Characterization of phosphorus compounds occurring in wastewater treatment......Page 217 8.4.2 Exemplary treatment concepts and their effect on phosphorus removal and recovery......Page 219 8.4.3 Comparison and evaluation of phosphorus removal concepts in WWTPs of the future......Page 225 8.5 References......Page 227 9.2 Background on Phosphorus Removal......Page 232 9.3 Factors Affecting Costs of Phosphorus Removal......Page 233 9.4 Economic Assessment of Different Systems......Page 234 9.5.1 Introduction......Page 235 9.5.2 Capital costs (simultaneous precipitation)......Page 237 9.5.3 Capital costs (enhanced biological phosphorus removal)......Page 239 9.5.4 Capital costs (filtration)......Page 240 9.5.5 Capital costs (summary)......Page 241 9.5.6 Operational costs......Page 242 9.5.7 Lifecycle costs......Page 243 9.7 References......Page 244 10.1 Introduction......Page 246 10.1.1 Phosphorus transformations in wastewater treatment......Page 247 10.2.1 Biological transformations in mainline......Page 250 10.2.2 Anaerobic transformations in sidestream......Page 252 10.2.3 Chemical transformations......Page 253 10.3.1 Modeling interactions with iron and sulfur cycles......Page 257 10.3.2 Implementation and solution in a plant-wide context......Page 259 10.4.2 Enhancing phosphorus recovery......Page 260 10.6 References......Page 261 Part IIIa: Phosphorus Recovery: Technology......Page 266 11.1 Introduction......Page 268 11.2 Elemental Composition of Sewage Sludge......Page 270 11.3 German Survey of Sewage Sludge Ashes......Page 271 11.4 References......Page 277 12.1.1 A new product in an existing market......Page 280 12.1.2 From supply driven to demand driven......Page 281 12.2.2 Suppliers......Page 282 12.2.3 Users......Page 283 12.2.5 Policymakers......Page 285 12.3.1 General requirements demand......Page 286 12.3.2 Summary requirements......Page 289 12.4.2 Top products......Page 290 12.4.5 Closed a contract: now what?......Page 294 12.5 References......Page 295 13.2 Key Drivers and Barriers......Page 296 13.3 Technology Review......Page 297 13.3.1 Fluidized bed reactor......Page 298 13.3.3 AirPrexTM......Page 301 13.4 Market Analysis......Page 302 13.7 References......Page 305 14.1 Phosphorus Demand in the Asia Region......Page 308 14.1.1 The phosphorus flow in China......Page 310 14.1.2 The phosphorus flow in Korea......Page 312 14.1.4 The phosphorus flow in Thailand......Page 313 14.1.5 The phosphorus flow in Vietnam......Page 315 14.1.6 The phosphorus flow in Japan......Page 316 14.2 Challenges for Phosphorus Recovery from the Japanese Sewerage System......Page 317 14.2.1 Phosphorus recovery technologies......Page 318 14.2.2 Phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge......Page 322 14.2.3 Phosphorus recovery from incineration ash......Page 323 14.2.4 Phosphorus recovery from a melting process......Page 324 14.3 Concluding Remarks......Page 326 14.4 References......Page 327 15.1 Introduction......Page 332 15.2.1 ExtraPhos® – chemical phosphate recovery from sewage sludge by CO2 acidulation and precipitation......Page 336 15.2.2 Chemical phosphate recovery by functionalized superparamagnetic particles......Page 338 15.2.3 Sequential electrodialytic phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge ash......Page 339 15.2.4 Thermal white phosphorus extraction from sewage sludge ash......Page 342 15.3.1 Nutrient recycling (N + P) by enhanced (microbial) biomass production and nitrogen conservation......Page 347 15.3.2 Nutrient (N + P) recycling by microalgae and mixed microbial cultures to fish and fish products......Page 348 15.3.3 Nutrient recycling from wastewater by lithoautotrophic (aerobic hydrogen oxidizing) bacteria......Page 351 15.5 References......Page 356 Part IIIb: Phosphorus Recovery: Technology......Page 360 16.1 Introduction......Page 362 16.2.1 Process scheme......Page 363 16.2.2 Chemistry......Page 364 16.3 Results of the Large-Scale Implementation......Page 365 16.3.2 Costs......Page 366 16.3.4 Fact sheet......Page 367 16.4 References......Page 368 17.1 Thematic Introduction......Page 370 17.2 Procedural Definition......Page 371 17.3 Anaerobic Redissolution of Phosphorus......Page 372 17.4.2 Influence on sludge dewatering......Page 373 17.5 The AirPrex® Process......Page 374 17.6 Struvite Precipitation Based on the Example of the Rwzi in Amsterdam-West [5]......Page 375 17.8 References......Page 377 18.1 Introduction......Page 378 18.2.1 Description......Page 379 18.2.2 Key figures of the process......Page 383 18.4 References......Page 384 19.1 Introduction......Page 386 19.2.1 The Pearl process description......Page 387 19.2.3 Crystal Green......Page 388 19.2.4 Key figures of the process......Page 389 19.3 Outlook – Further Developments......Page 392 20.1 Introduction......Page 394 20.2.1 Apparatus......Page 395 20.3.1 Capacity......Page 396 20.3.3 Cost......Page 397 20.3.4 Product quality......Page 398 20.4 Application for Another Purpose......Page 399 20.5 References......Page 400 21.1 Introduction......Page 402 21.2 The Process......Page 403 21.3 Nutrient Recovery Pilot Plant......Page 404 21.3.1 Operation of the plant (batch mode)......Page 405 21.3.2 Performance data......Page 409 21.3.3 Recyclate quality......Page 411 21.3.4 Cost analysis......Page 415 21.6 References......Page 417 22.1 Introduction......Page 418 22.2.1 Description......Page 419 22.3 Outlook – Further Developments......Page 420 22.4 References......Page 421 23.1 Introduction......Page 422 23.2.1 Description......Page 423 23.2.2 Key figures of the process......Page 426 23.3 Outlook – Further Developments......Page 427 24.1 Introduction......Page 428 24.2.1 Raw phosphates for industrial business......Page 429 24.2.2 Solubility of phosphates in ashes......Page 430 24.3 Remondis Tetraphos® Process......Page 431 24.4 The Pilot Plant: Putting Theory into Practice......Page 433 24.4.1 Results: Phosphorus recovery & heavy metals......Page 434 24.6 References......Page 436 25.1 Introduction......Page 438 25.2 Process Description......Page 439 25.2.2 Precipitation process......Page 440 25.4 Conclusion......Page 441 25.5 References......Page 443 26.1 Introduction......Page 444 26.2.1 Description......Page 445 26.2.2 Key figures of the process......Page 447 26.4 References......Page 451 27.1 Introduction......Page 452 27.2.1 Challenges and responses......Page 453 27.2.2 Towards the current AshDec® process......Page 455 27.3.3 Waste......Page 456 27.4 The Product......Page 457 27.5 Outlook – Development Options......Page 458 27.6 References......Page 460 28.1 Introduction......Page 462 28.2.1 Principle of phosphorus recovery......Page 463 28.2.2 Reactor......Page 464 28.3.1 Pilot plant test......Page 465 28.5 Conclusion......Page 468 29.1 Introduction......Page 470 29.2.1 Description......Page 471 29.2.2 Key figures of the process......Page 472 29.4 References......Page 473 30.1 Introduction......Page 474 30.2 Process Description......Page 476 30.3 Performance Data......Page 477 30.5 Conclusions......Page 479 30.6 References......Page 480 Part IIIc: Phosphorus Recovery: Assessment......Page 482 31.1 Introduction......Page 484 31.2.1 Urine separation......Page 485 31.2.2 Recovery from secondary treated effluent......Page 486 31.2.3 Recovery from liquid phase of sludge treatment......Page 487 31.2.4 Recovery from sewage sludge......Page 488 31.2.5 Recovery from sewage sludge ashes......Page 490 31.3.1 Modular reference system and assessed technologies......Page 493 31.3.3 Economic assessment......Page 494 31.3.4 Environmental assessment......Page 495 31.4.1 Recovery potential and assessment of the recovered materials......Page 496 31.4.2 Economic assessment......Page 501 31.4.3 Environmental assessment......Page 503 31.4.4 Uncertainty......Page 507 31.5 Conclusions......Page 508 31.6 References......Page 510 32.1.1 The value chain......Page 514 32.1.2 Success factors......Page 516 32.2.2 Struvite recovery......Page 523 32.2.3 Sludge processes......Page 526 32.2.4 Ash based processes......Page 528 32.3 Conclusions......Page 535 32.4 Additional Considerations......Page 537 32.5 Outlook......Page 538 32.6 References......Page 539 33.1 Introduction......Page 542 33.2 Defining the Matter at Hand......Page 543 33.3 The Innovation Field for Phosphorus Recovery......Page 544 33.3.1 Imperative of phosphorus recovery......Page 545 33.3.2 General framework conditions for the modernization of WWTPs......Page 546 33.3.3 Criteria for comparing approaches towards modernization of WWTPs......Page 548 33.4 Sociological Methods for Technological Innovations in the Wastewater Sector......Page 550 33.5 Summary and Perspective......Page 557 33.6 References......Page 559 Part IV: Outlook......Page 562 34.1 Introduction......Page 564 34.2.1 Health protection......Page 565 34.2.2 Water protection......Page 567 34.2.3 Resource protection......Page 568 34.3.2 Nutrients......Page 569 34.3.3 Energy......Page 571 34.4 Wastewater Treatment Plants of the Future: From Treatment Plant to (System) Service Provider......Page 574 34.5 Conclusion and Outlook: From Treatment Facility to System Service Provider......Page 576 34.6 References......Page 577 Index......Page 582 Phosphorus: Polluter and Resource of the Future discusses all aspects of both Phosphorus elimination and recovery and summarizes the latest state of Phosphorus recovery technologies. Phosphorus has always been both a curse and a blessing. On the one hand, it is essential for all life forms and cannot be replaced by anything. On the other hand, wastewater treatment aims to minimize phosphorus concentrations in wastewater in order to minimize its discharge into rivers and lakes, where eutrophication caused by high phosphorus concentrations would lead to excessive plant growth. Phosphorus is extracted from rock phosphate deposits, which are finite and non-renewable. And as the issue of resource conservation is the focus of attention worldwide, phosphorus must be used sustainably. This includes recycling of secondary phosphates, efficient extraction and treatment of raw phosphate as well as its efficient use. The book starts from the peculiarity of the element phosphorus in Part I Phosphorus a special element?, Part II shows the possibilities and limitations of the elimination of phosphorus during the wastewater treatment. Current developments in phosphorus recovery are presented in Part III Phosphorus Recovery - Technology, where also a large number of technology developments are presented in the context of case studies. Part IV "Assessment" shows impulses for future ways. The book concludes with an "Outlook" in Part V. The book is partially based on the book Phosphorus in Environmental Technology - Principles and Application, edited by Eugina Valsami-Jones and published by IWA Publishing in 2004. Various new technologies have been developed since its release, particularly in the area of phosphorus recovery. Phosphorus: Polluter and Resource of the Future discusses all aspects of both Phosphorus elimination and recovery and summarizes the latest state of Phosphorus recovery technologies Annotation Phosphorus has always been both a curse and a blessing. On the one hand, it is essential for all life forms and cannot be replaced by anything. On the other hand, wastewater treatment aims to minimize phosphorus concentrations in wastewater in order to minimize its discharge into rivers and lakes, where eutrophication caused by high phosphorus concentrations would lead to excessive plant growth. Phosphorus is extracted from rock phosphate deposits, which are finite and non-renewable. And as the issue of resource conservation is the focus of attention worldwide, phosphorus must be used sustainably. This includes recycling of secondary phosphates, efficient extraction and treatment of raw phosphate as well as its efficient use.The book starts from the peculiarity of the element phosphorus in Part I Phosphorus a special element?, Part II shows the possibilities and limitations of the elimination of phosphorus during the wastewater treatment. Current developments in phosphorus recovery are presented in Part III Phosphorus Recovery - Technology, where also a large number of technology developments are presented in the context of case studies. Part IV "Assessment" shows impulses for future ways. The book concludes with an "Outlook" in Part V.The book is partially based on the book Phosphorus in Environmental Technology - Principles and Application, edited by Eugina Valsami-Jones and published by IWA Publishing in 2004. Various new technologies have been developed since its release, particularly in the area of phosphorus recovery. Phosphorus: Polluter and Resource of the Future discusses all aspects of both Phosphorus elimination and recovery and summarizes the latest state of Phosphorus recovery technologies