Phosphorus Chemistry : The Role of Phosphorus in Prebiotic Chemistry

The book is the first thorough study of the role of phosphorus chemistry in the origin of life. This book starts with depiction of the phosphorus role in life creation and evolution. Then it outlines in vital processes how different phosphorus-containing compounds participate as biomarker in life evolution. Written by renowned scientists, it is suitable for researchers and students in organic phosphorus chemistry and biochemistry. * Explores the role of phosphorus chemistry in origin of life * Covers decades of original research from author’s group * Multi-disciplinary topics suited for wide readership Cover Half Title Also of Interest Phosphorus Chemistry: The Role of Phosphorus in Prebiotic Chemistry Copyright Foreword Preface I Preface II Contents 1. The international background of the origin of life 1.1 Original source of phosphorus 1.1.1 Nuclear reactions 1.1.2 Phosphorus surrounds celestial interval and interstellar space 1.1.3 Phosphorus in meteorites 1.1.4 Phosphorus in comets 1.1.5 Alkyl phosphoric acid homologues 1.1.6 Phosphorus in the crust 1.1.7 Phosphorylation under prebiological conditions 1.1.8 Outlook 1.2 Phosphorus and small biomolecules 1.2.1 Formation of amino acids with phosphorus 1.2.2 Formation of bases 1.2.3 Formation of nucleosides with phosphorus 1.2.4 Formation of nucleotides 1.3 Phosphorus and biomacromolecules 1.3.1 Formation of peptides with phosphorus 1.3.2 Nucleic acid pre-biosynthesis 1.4 Irreplaceability of phosphorus in life 1.5 Subject of the origin of life References 2. Why nature chose α-amino acids? 2.1 Amino acids and the origins of life 2.2 General structures of amino acids and the biological functions 2.3 Prebiotic formation of amino acids 2.4 Prebiotic formation of peptides 2.5 Phosphorus chemistry for prebiotic peptide formation 2.5.1 Reaction of amino acids with trimetaphosphate 2.5.2 Peptide formation of N-phosphoryl amino acids 2.5.3 Peptide formation mediated by organic phosphorus reagents 2.6 Phosphorus chemistry and the molecular evolution of high-energy P–N bond References 3. N-Phosphoryl amino acids – models for P–N bonds in prebiotic chemical evolution 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The P–N bond in modern biology 3.2.1 Phosphohistidine 3.2.2 Phosphoarginine and phosphoryl-lysine 3.3 Potential prebiotic origins of N-α-phosphoryl amino acids 3.3.1 The phosphorus problem 3.3.2 Possible pathways for origin of N-phosphoryl amino acids 3.4 Reactivity of Nα-phosphoryl amino acids related to prebiotic chemistry 3.4.1 N-dialkyloxyphosphoryl amino acids 3.4.2 Reactivity and Potential Prebiotic Chemistry of NMAPAAs 3.4.3 N-phosphono-amino acids 3.5 Summary 3.5.1 Perspectives References 4. Nucleoside-protein coevolution and the origin of genetic code 4.1 Major phase in the origin of life 4.2 Origin of genetic code 4.3 The evolution of genetic code 4.4 Phosphorus plays an important role in the origin of life 4.5 N-phosphoryl amino acids: model for the study of nucleotide-protein coevolution 4.6 The relationship of dipeptide yields with nucleoside in the phosphorus-assisted condensation of amino acids References 5. The phosphoryl transfer reactions of phosphoryl amino acids 5.1 The research progress of phosphoryl transfer reaction 5.2 Study on the transfer reaction of Intermolecular O,O-Phenylenephosphoryl group 5.2.1 Synthesis and analysis of Ser–His dipeptide 5.2.2 The investigation of the intermolecular transfer mechanism of O,O-phenylenephosphoryl group between amino acids 5.3 The transfer reaction of N-(O,O-diisopropyl) phosphoryl between different amino acids 5.4 The studies on the phosphoryl transfer reaction between different types of amino acids References 6. The research progress of chiral pentacoordinate spirophosphoranes with bis-α-amino acid bonds 6.1 The importance of pentacoordinate phosphorus compounds in biological processes 6.2 The synthesis method of chiral pentacoordinate spirophosphoranes 6.3 Spectroscopic characterization of bisamino acyl pentacoordinate spirophosphoranes 6.3.1 4JH-C-N-P-H 6.3.2 1JP-X 6.3.3 X-ray 6.3.4 Solid-state CD spectra References 7. A new theoretical model for the origin of amino acid homochirality 7.1 The origin of homochirality 7.2 Model for the origin of amino acid homochirality 7.3 Interaction of nucleosides and amino acids 7.4 Thermodynamic parameters of interaction between nucleosides and amino acid References 8. N-Phosphoryl amino acids and the origin of cell membranes 8.1 The origin and evolution of cells 8.1.1 The formation of primitive cells – The beginning of the music of life 8.1.2 The formation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell 8.2 Membrane structures constructed by amphiphilic N-phosphoryl amino acids 8.2.1 Synthesis of amphiphilic N-phosphoryl amino acids 8.2.2 Self-assembled monolayers of amphiphilic N-phosphoryl amino acids at water–air interface and their condensation reactions 8.2.2.1 Formation of monomolecular membranes from amphiphilic N-phosphoryl amino acids at the water–air interface 8.2.2.2 Condensation of amphiphilic N-phosphoryl amino acids at the water–air interface 8.2.3 Formation and reaction of bimolecular membranes—vesicles in water by amphiphilic N-phosphoryl amino acids 8.2.3.1 Formation and characterization of vesicles 8.2.3.2 Condensation in vesicle systems 8.3 Evolution of the protocell membrane 8.4 N-Phosphoryl amino acids and the origin of life 8.4.1 Synergistic effect of membrane, nucleic acid and protein 8.4.2 The coevolution theory of nucleic acid, protein and cell membrane References 9. The potential evolution prototype of modern enzyme: Discovery of of seryl–histidine dipeptide and its function 9.1 Mini-activating enzyme: Ser–His 9.2 The cleavage activities of Ser–His on DNA 9.2.1 Discovery of the hydrolysis activity of Ser–His on DNA 9.2.2 The cleavage mechanism of Ser–His on DNA and the pivotal role of functional groups in Ser–His 9.2.3 Molecular modeling for investigating DNA cleavage activity of Ser–His 9.3 The cleavage activities of Ser–His on proteins 9.3.1 The discovery of the cleavage activities of Ser–His on proteins 9.3.2 The effect of different buffers on the cleavage activities 9.3.3 The role of functional groups of Ser–His in the cleavage activities 9.3.4 The study of the interaction of Ser–His with the substrate proteins 9.3.5 The cleavage activities of Ser–His on carboxylic ester 9.3.6 The functional reversibility of Ser–His on the substrate 9.4 Ser–His: the evolution prototype of modern enzyme References 10. The interaction between ATP and amino acids 10.1 The study of the origin and evolution of protein based on small molecule 10.1.1 ATP – a living fossil at the molecular level 10.1.2 ATP-binding protein – the oldest protein 10.2 The structure and the interaction with AAs of ATP 10.2.1 The structure of ATP 10.2.2 Study on the weak interaction between AA and ATP by MS 10.2.3 Study on the weak interaction between AA and ATP by fluorescence spectrometry 10.2.4 Study of the weak interaction between AA and ATP by NMR 10.2.5 Study of the weak interaction between AA and ATP by theoretical calculation 10.2.6 The interaction between AA and ATP References 11. Marine and the origin of life 11.1 The Origin of Life 11.2 The origin of marine life 11.2.1 The theory of the origin of marine life 11.2.2 Simulation of chemical evolution of marine life 11.3 Phosphate oxygen isotope as a biomarker 11.3.1 The oxygen isotope fractionation between water and phosphate 11.3.1.1 Oxygen isotope fractionation between water and biotic apatite 11.3.1.2 Oxygen isotope fractionation between water and authigenic apatite 11.3.1.3 Oxygen isotope fractionation between water and dissolved phosphate 11.3.2 The application of oxygen isotope composition of phosphate 11.3.2.1 The primary value of the oxygen isotope composition of phosphate 11.3.2.2 The review of the phosphate oxygen isotope biomarker References The Book Is The First Thorough Study Of The Role Of Phosphorus Chemistry In The Origin Of Life. This Book Starts With Depiction Of The Phosphorus Role In Life Creation And Evolution. Then It Outlines In Vital Processes How Different Phosphorus-containing Compounds Participate As Biomarker In Life Evolution. Written By Renowned Scientists, It Is Suitable For Researchers And Students In Organic Phosphorus Chemistry, Biochemistry And Etc.