فلسفه زبان

Alexander Miller's accessible survey shows that philosophy of language is at the centre of the energetic philosophical activity of this century. By interweaving the historical development of the subject with a thematic overview of radically different approaches to theories of meaning he gives readers the tools necessary to understand contemporary analytic philosophy. Cover Title Copyright Contents Preface to the first edition Preface to the second edition Acknowledgements, first edition Acknowledgements, second edition General notes 1. Frege: Semantic value and reference 1.1 Frege's logical language 1.2 Syntax 1.3 Semantics and truth 1.4 Sentences and proper names 1.5 Function and object 1.6 Predicates, connectives, and quantifiers 1.7 A semantic theory for a simple language Further reading 2. Frege and Russell: Sense and definite descriptions 2.1 The introduction of sense 2.2 The nature of sense 2.3 The objectivity of sense: Frege's critique of Locke 2.4 Four problems with Frege's notion of sense 2.5 Kripke on naming and necessity 2.6 A theory of sense? 2.7 Force and tone 2.8 Russell on names and descriptions 2.9 Scope distinctions 2.10 Russell's attack on sense 2.11 Russell on communication 2.12 Strawson and Donnellan on referring and definite descriptions 2.13 Kripke's causal-historical theory of reference 2.14 Appendix: Frege's theses on sense and semantic value 3. Further reading 3 Sense and verificationism: Logical positivism 3.1 From the Tractatus to the verification principle 3.2 The formulation of the verification principle 3.3 Foster on the nature of the verification principle 3.4 The a priori 3.5 Carnap on internal and external questions 3.6 Logical positivism and ethical language 3.7 Moderate holism Further reading 4. Scepticism about sense (I): Quine on analyticity and translation 4.1 Quine's attack on the analytic/synthetic distinction: Introduction 4.2 The argument of "Two Dogmas" (Part I) 4.3 Criticism of "Two Dogmas" (Part I) 4.4 The argument of "Two Dogmas" (Part II) 4.5 Criticism of "Two Dogmas" (Part II) 4.6 Quine on the indeterminacy of translation: Introduction 4.7 The argument from below 4.8 Evans and Hookway on the argument from below 4.9 The argument from above 4.10 Conclusion Further reading 5. Scepticism about sense (II): Kripke's Wittgenstein and the sceptical paradox 5.1 The sceptical paradox 5.2 The sceptical solution and the argument against solitary language 5.3 Boghossian's argument against the sceptical solution 5.4 Wright's objections to the sceptical solution 5.5 Zalabardo's objection to the sceptical solution 5.6 The normativity of meaning? 5.7 "Factualist" interpretations of Kripke's Wittgenstein Further reading 6. Saving sense: Responses to the sceptical paradox 6.1 Linguistic meaning and mental content 6.2 Sophisticated dispositionalism 6.3 Lewis-style reductionism and Ultra-Sophisticated Dispositionalism 6.4 Fodor's "asymmetric dependency" account of meaning 6.5 McGinn on normativity and the ability conception of understanding 6.6 Wright's judgement-dependent conception of meaning 6.7 Wittgenstein's dissolution of the sceptical paradox? Further reading 7. Sense, intention, and speech acts: Grice's programme 7.1 Homeric struggles: Two approaches to sense 7.2 Grice on speaker's-meaning and sentence-meaning 7.3 Searle's modifications: Illocutionary and perlocutionary intentions 7.4 Objections to Gricean analyses 7.5 Response to Blackburn 7.6 Strawson on referring revisited Further reading 8. Sense and truth: Tarski and Davidson 8.1 Davidson and Frege 8.2 Davidson's adequacy conditions for theories of meaning 8.3 Intensional and extensional theories of meaning 8.4 Extensional adequacy and Tarski's convention (T) 8.5 Tarskian truth theories 8.6 Truth and translation: Two problems for Davidson 8.7 Radical interpretation and the principle of charity 8.8 Holism and T-theorems 8.9 Conclusion: Theories of meaning and natural languages Further reading 9. Sense, world, and metaphysics 9.1 Realism 9.2 Non-cognitivism and the Frege-Geach problem 9.3 Realism and verification-transcendent truth 9.4 Acquisition, manifestation, and rule-following: The arguments against verification-transcendent truth 9.5 Twin-earth, meaning, mind, and world 9.6 Grades of objectivity: Wright on anti-realism 9.7 Two threats of quietism Further reading Notes Bibliography Index Starting with Gottlob Frege's foundational theories of sense and reference, Miller provides a useful introduction to the formal logic used in all subsequent philosophy of language. He communicates a sense of active philosophical debate by confronting the views of the early theorists concerned with building systematic theories - such as Frege, Bertrand Russell, and the logical positivists - with the attacks mounted by sceptics - such as W.O. Quine, Saul Kripke, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. This leads to important excursions into related areas of metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and cognitive science that present the more recent attempts to save the notions of sense and meaning by philosophers such as Paul Grice, John Searle, Jerry Fodor, Colin McGinn, and Crispin Wright. Miller then returns to the systematic program by examining the formal theories of Donald Davidson, concluding with a chapter surveying the relevance of philosophy of language to the broader metaphysical debates between realists and anti-realists. Miller's clear, engaged, and coherently structured approach makes Philosophy of Language an ideal text for undergraduate courses. The guides to further reading provided in each chapter help the reader pursue interesting topics further and facilitate using the book in conjunction with primary sources Starting with Frege's foundational theories of sense and reference, Miller provides an introduction to the formal logic used in all subsequent philosophy of language. He communicates a sense of active philosophical debate by confronting the views of the early theorists concerned with building systematic theories - Frege, Russell, and the logical positivists - with the attacks mounted by sceptics - such as Quine, Kripke, and Wittgenstein. This leads to excursions into related areas of metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and cognitive science that present more recent attempts to save the notions of sense and meaning by philosophers such as Grice, Searle, Fodor, McGinn, and Wright. Miller then returns to the systematic program by examining the formal theories of Donald Davidson, concluding with a chapter surveying the relevance of philosophy of language to the broader metaphysical debates between realists and anti-realists.