Philosophy of Justice (Contemporary Philosophy: A New Survey Book 12)

This book presents surveys of significant trends in contemporary philosophy. Contributing authors explore themes relating to justice including natural rights, equality, freedom, democracy, morality and cultural traditions. Key movements and thinkers are considered, ranging from ancient Greek philosophy, Roman and Christian traditions to the development of Muslim law, Enlightenment perspectives and beyond. Authors discuss important works, including those of Aristotle, Ibn Khaldun, John Locke, Immanuel Kant and Mary Wollstonecraft. Readers are also invited to examine Hegel and the foundation of right, Karl Marx as a utopian socialist and the works of Paul Ricœur, amongst the wealth of perspectives presented in this book. Through these chapters, readers are able to explore the relationship of the state to justice and consider the rights of the individual and the role of law. Contributions presented here discuss concepts including Sharia law, freedom in the community and Libertarian Anarchism. Readers may follow accounts of justice in the Scottish Enlightenment and consider fairness, social justice and the concept of injustice. The surveys presented here show different approaches and a variety of interpretations. Each contribution has its own bibliography. Provided by publisher Preface 6 Contents 8 Introduction 10 La Justice à la Lumière des Lois 27 1 Introduction 27 2 Cosmologie et Anthropologie 28 3 Sélection 30 4 Croyance Ordinaire, Opinion Vraie, Science, Retour à la Caverne 31 5 Conclusion 33 Justice and Moderation in the State: Aristotle and Beyond 35 1 The Centrality of Political Justice 35 2 Justice and Equality in the Politics 38 3 A Democratic Conception of Justice 40 4 Justice, Moderation, and Political Friendship 44 5 The Relevance of Aristotelian Justice to Contemporary Political Theory 47 Jean Bodin: The Modern State Comes into Being 51 1 Historical Context 53 2 The Political Cosmos 56 3 Universal History 57 4 What Is a State? 59 5 Between Sorcery and Tolerance 62 6 History of Reception and Criticism 65 Bibliography 68 Samuel Pufendorf – Natural Law, Moral Entities and the Civil Foundation of Morality 69 1 The “Modern” Natural Law 71 2 The Civil Foundation of Morality 74 3 The Westphalian Moment 75 4 The Theory of Moral Entities 77 Hugo Grotius – Individual Rights as the Core of Natural Law 82 1 Biography 85 2 Overview of Grotius’ Natural Law Theory 86 3 Grotius’ Method 87 4 View of Humanity and the Source of Natural Law 90 5 The Core of Natural Law 91 6 Supreme Power 95 7 Historical Reception and Criticism 97 Bibliography 100 Baruch Spinoza: Democracy and Freedom of Speech 102 1 The New Revolutionary View of God: God or the Infinite Substance, the World and Human Beings 104 2 View of Human Beings, Freedom and Reason 106 3 Conditions for Political Life: Conflict and Cooperation 108 4 From Natural Right to Positive Right and Democracy 112 5 Democracy and Freedom of Thought and Speech 114 6 History of Reception and Critique 118 Bibliography 122 Recommended Further Reading 122 Ibn Khaldun: Law and Justice in the Science of Civilisation 126 1 Introduction 126 2 Al-Muqaddima—Central Concepts 127 3 The Growth of ‘Asabiya and the State 130 4 The Decline 132 5 A Moral Theory? 134 6 The Political Thought of Ibn Khaldun 135 7 Justice, Law and Civilisation 137 8 Ibn Khaldun—The Judge 143 9 Conclusion 144 References and Literature 145 Inscrutable Divinity or Social Welfare? The Basis of Islamic Law 146 1 Shari’a and Fiqh 149 2 Legitimacy 151 3 Modern Developments 153 4 How Wide Is the Possibility of Reform? 155 5 The Role of Women 156 6 The Topics at Issue 157 John Locke – Libertarian Anarchism 163 1 Introduction 163 2 Locke’s Tolerance Writings 166 3 Two Treatises of Government 169 4 Locke’s Theory of Freedom 171 5 Locke’s Account of Private Property Acquisition 172 6 Private Property and Charity 175 7 Private Property and Waste 177 8 Locke on Children’s Rights 178 9 Locke’s Strong Voluntarist Conception of Political Obligations and the Right to Revolution 179 10 Concluding Remarks 181 Accounts of Justice in the Scottish Enlightenment 183 Rousseau – Equality and Freedom in the Community 196 1 Critique of Civilization and Substitutes for Lost Nature 197 2 From the State of Nature to Society and History 200 3 A Legitimate Civil Order Based on Common Laws 203 4 The General Will 205 5 Popular Sovereignty, Democracy, and Education in Civil Virtues 207 6 Perpetual Peace 211 7 The History of Reception and Criticism 212 Bibliography 216 Immanuel Kant – Justice as Freedom 217 1 Introduction 217 2 Kant’s Distinction Between Right and Virtue 219 3 Private Right 225 4 Why Do We Establish States? Three Different Kantian Answers 228 5 The Rightful (Just) State: Three Kantian Answers 233 6 Global Justice: International and Cosmopolitan Right 239 7 Concluding Remarks 240 Hegel and the Foundation of Right 242 1 The Free Will as the Foundation of Right 244 2 The Realization of Freedom in the State 247 3 Berlin and Taylor on Freedom, Totalitarianism and Self-Knowledge 251 4 The Right of Spirit 255 Mary Wollstonecraft – The Call for a Revolution of Female Manners 260 1 Introduction 260 2 Wollstonecraft and the French Revolution 262 3 A Vindication of the Rights of Women 264 4 The Citizenship of Women 267 5 Wollstonecraft on Education 269 6 Wollstonecraft and Rousseau on Education 270 7 The Religious Foundation of Wollstonecraft’s Feminism 272 8 Reception and Criticism 273 References 275 Karl Marx – A Utopian Socialist? 277 1 On the Jewish Question 279 2 Alienation in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts 280 3 Historical Materialism 283 4 Capital 286 5 Communism 288 6 Reception History and Critique 289 References 293 Humanity in Times of Crisis 295 1 Introduction 295 2 The Existential Conditions of Politics 296 3 Times of Crisis: Totalitarianism, Depoliticisation, and Dehumanisation 298 3.1 A New Political Principle 298 3.2 Freedom’s Space of Appearance 301 3.3 Judgment’s Ethical Responsibility 303 4 Ways Out of Arendt: Agonism, Republicanism, and Universalism 305 4.1 Democratic Agonism 306 4.2 The Newcomer’s Critique 307 4.3 Bodily Dignity 309 5 Conclusion 310 References 311 John Rawls’ Theory of Justice as Fairness 313 1 Social and Historical Context 314 2 Rawls’ Theory of Justice: Justice as Fairness 315 2.1 Principles of Distributive Justice 316 3 Conceptions of Society and of the Individual 317 4 Argument Strategy 319 4.1 Interests: Reasonableness and Rationality 322 4.2 Social Primary Goods 322 5 Rawls’ Theory of Justification: Reflective Equilibrium 323 6 What’s New? 324 7 Criticism 325 8 What are Rawls’ Lasting Contributions? 328 References 328 Love and Justice in Ricœur 331 1 Love 332 2 Justice 332 3 Economy of Gift 333 4 Recognition 333 5 Beyond Justice 334 5.1 Mutual Memory in Close Relations 335 5.2 Forgiveness 336 6 Conclusion 337 Justice sociale, justice globale 338 Seeing Injustice 359 1 Justice and Injustice 360 2 The Concept of Seeing 362 2.1 Specific Knowledge 363 2.2 Virtues 364 2.3 Awareness of Obstacles 365 3 Conclusion 367 Justices: Entre les impossibilités et la sagesse tragique 368 1 Introduction: Questions de mises... 368 2 Justices, media et l’industrie culturelle: le miroir de la mise en scène 369 2.1 Nomismos et Muthos 375 3 Justice et crédibilité: le tiroir de la mise en confiance 376 4 Les justices internationales et mises à mort symboliques 379 5 Conclusion: de la « Sagesse pratique/tragique » 380 Bibliographie 382 Index 383 Front Matter....Pages i-viii Introduction....Pages 1-17 La Justice à la Lumière des Lois ....Pages 19-26 Justice and Moderation in the State: Aristotle and Beyond....Pages 27-42 Jean Bodin: The Modern State Comes into Being....Pages 43-60 Samuel Pufendorf – Natural Law, Moral Entities and the Civil Foundation of Morality....Pages 61-73 Baruch Spinoza: Democracy and Freedom of Speech....Pages 75-94 Ibn Khaldun: Law and Justice in the Science of Civilisation....Pages 95-118 Inscrutable Divinity or Social Welfare? The Basis of Islamic Law....Pages 119-138 John Locke – Libertarian Anarchism....Pages 139-155 Accounts of Justice in the Scottish Enlightenment....Pages 157-176 Rousseau – Equality and Freedom in the Community....Pages 177-189 Immanuel Kant – Justice as Freedom....Pages 191-211 Hegel and the Foundation of Right....Pages 213-237 Mary Wollstonecraft – The Call for a Revolution of Female Manners....Pages 239-256 Karl Marx – A Utopian Socialist?....Pages 257-273 Humanity in Times of Crisis....Pages 275-292 John Rawls’ Theory of Justice as Fairness....Pages 293-310 Love and Justice in Ricœur....Pages 311-328 Justice sociale, justice globale....Pages 329-335 Seeing Injustice....Pages 337-357 Justices : Entre les impossibilités et la sagesse tragique....Pages 359-367 Back Matter....Pages 369-383 ....Pages 385-394 "A continuation of two earlier series of chronicles, Philosophy in the mid-century (Frienze 1958/59) and Contemporary philosophy (Frienze 1968)"--Preface