Philosophical issues in psychiatry III: The Nature and Sources of Historical Change (International Perspectives in Philosophy and Psychiatry)

Psychiatry has long struggled with the nature of its diagnoses. The problems raised by questions about the nature of psychiatric illness are particularly fascinating because they sit at the intersection of philosophy, empirical psychiatric/psychological research, measurement theory, historical tradition and policy. In being the only medical specialty that diagnoses and treats mental illness, psychiatry has been subject to major changes in the last 150 years. This book explores the forces that have shaped these changes and especially how substantial "internal" advances in our knowledge of the nature and causes of psychiatric illness have interacted with a plethora of external forces that have impacted on the psychiatric profession. It includes contributions from philosophers of science with an interest in psychiatry, psychiatrists and psychologists with expertise in the history of their field and historians of psychiatry. Each chapter is accompanied by an introduction and a commentary. The result is a dynamic discussion about the nature of psychiatric disorders, and a book that is compelling reading for those in the field of mental health, history of science and medicine, and philosophy. Cover 1 Series 3 Philosophical Issues in Psychiatry III 4 Copyright 5 Table of Contents 8 List of Contributors 14 Introduction: applying the tools of the history and philosophy of science to psychiatry 16 Part I Nature of historical change in science 22 Section 1 Objectivity and scientific change 24 1 Introduction to “Pluralism, incommensurability, and scientific change” 26 2 Pluralism, incommensurability, and scientific change 28 3 For objective, value-laden, contextualist pluralism 41 Section 2 Change in psychopathology 46 4 Introduction to “History and epistemology of psychopathology” 48 5 History and epistemology of psychopathology 51 6 Can hybridity overcome dualism? 72 Section 3 Scientific disagreement in the medical context 76 7 Introduction to “Expert disagreement and medical authority” 78 8 Expert disagreement and medical authority 81 9 Trust, dissent, and decision vectors 94 Section 4 The social, the cultural, and psychiatric kinds 102 10 Introduction to “Varieties of social constructionism and the problem of progress in psychiatry” 104 11 Varieties of social constructionism and the problem of progress in psychiatry 106 12 The role of cultural configurators in the formation of mental symptoms 128 Part II History of broad movements/structures within psychiatry 138 Section 5 The psychiatric history of the diencephalon 140 13 Introduction to “Biography of a brain structure: studying the diencephalon as an epistemic object” 142 14 Biography of a brain structure: studying the diencephalon as an epistemic object 144 15 Some reflections on historiographic strategies for the neurosciences 161 Section 6 The history of psychiatry as interdisciplinary history 164 16 Introduction to “On attitudes toward philosophy and psychology in German psychiatry, 1867–1917” 166 17 On attitudes toward philosophy and psychology in German psychiatry, 1867–1917 170 18 Interdisciplinarity versus compartmentalization: an eternal dilemma in psychiatry 186 Section 7 Psychiatry and psychoanalysis in the United States 190 19 Introduction to “The development of psychoanalysis in the context of American psychiatry” 192 20 The development of psychoanalysis in the context of American psychiatry 194 21 Decline of psychoanalysis to the advantage of what? 201 Section 8 The operational revolution 206 22 Introduction to “Psychiatry made easy: operation(al)ism and some of its consequences” 208 23 Psychiatry made easy: operation(al)ism and some of its consequences 211 24 Hempel as a critic of Bridgman’s operationalism: lessons for psychiatry from the history of science 234 Section 9 The evolution of genetic explanation in psychiatry 242 25 Introduction to “The nature of nature” 244 26 The nature of nature 248 27 Is it time for a “Copenhagen interpretation” in behavioral genetics? 266 Section 10 Psychiatry and evolution 276 28 Introduction to “What can evolution tell us about the healthy mind?” 278 29 What can evolution tell us about the healthy mind? 280 30 What can history and social studies of sciences teach us about evolutionary psychiatry? 293 Part III Specific disorders from a historical perspective 298 Section 11 Schizophrenia and the dopamine hypothesis 300 31 Introduction to “Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: an updated perspective” 302 32 The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: an updated perspective 304 33 Why is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia the only game in town? 316 Section 12 Conceptual status of depression today 320 34 Introduction to “Depression in a biopsychosocioeconomic context” 322 35 Depression in a biopsychosocioeconomic context 323 36 What do we want from a depression diagnosis? 340 Section 13 The shaping of autism 344 37 Introduction to “On the ratio of science to activism in the shaping of autism” 346 38 On the ratio of science to activism in the shaping of autism 347 39 The shaping of autism and other psychiatric disorders: an alternative perspective 361 Section 14 The decision to include or exclude a diagnosis in psychiatric nosology: the case of premenstrual dysphoric disorder 368 40 Introduction to “A DSM insiders’ history of premenstrual dysphoric disorder” 370 41 A DSM insiders’ history of premenstrual dysphoric disorder 371 42 The construction of a diagnosis is not a scientific issue 392 Index 394 Psychiatry has long struggled with the nature of its diagnoses. The problems raised by questions about the nature of psychiatric illness are particularly fascinating because they sit at the intersection of philosophy, empirical psychiatric/psychological research, measurement theory, historical tradition and policy. In being the only medical specialty that diagnoses and treats mental illness, psychiatry has been subject to major changes in the last 150 years. This online resource explores the forces that have shaped these changes and especially how substantial ‘internal’ advances in our knowledge of the nature and causes of psychiatric illness have interacted with a plethora of external forces that have impacted on the psychiatric profession. It includes contributions from philosophers of science with an interest in psychiatry, psychiatrists and psychologists with expertise in the history of their field and historians of psychiatry. Each chapter is accompanied by an introduction and a commentary. Psychiatry has been subject to major changes in the last 150 years. This text explores the forces that have shaped these changes and how they have impacted on the psychiatric profession in this time. The result is a dynamic discussion about the nature of psychiatric disorders, and a work that is compelling reading Edited By Kenneth S. Kendler, Josef Parnas. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.