Phased Array Antenna Handbook, Second Edition (Artech House Antennas and Propagation Library)

This newly revised edition of the Artech House classic, Phased Array Antenna Handbook, offers the most up-to-date and broadest view of array antennas and systems. You find complete design details that allow you to size an array system with a speed and confidence. The second edition offers you a wealth of new material, including a detailed treatment of antenna system noise, sections on antenna pattern synthesis, developments in subarray technology, and in-depth information on array architecture and components. Moreover, you find expanded coverage of systems aspects of arrays for radar and communications. Supported with over 350 equations and more than 270 illustrations, this practical book helps you evaluate basic antenna parameters such as gain, sidelobe levels, and noise. You learn how to compute antenna system noise, design subarray geometries for given bandwidth, scan and sidelobe constraints, and choose array illumination tapers for given sidelobe levels. This Thoroughly Revised Edition Of The Artech House Classic, Phased Array Antenna Handbook, Offers The Most Up-to-date And Broadest View Of Array Antennas And Systems. Supported With Over 350 Equations And More Than 270 Illustrations, The Book Offers Complete Design Details That Allow Practitioners To Size An Array System With Speed And Confidence.--jacket. Chapter 1 Phased Arrays In Radar And Communication Systems 1 -- 1.1.1 System Requirements For Radar And Communication Antennas 1 -- 1.2 Array Characterization For Radar And Communication Systems 12 -- 1.2.1 Fundamental Results From Array Theory 12 -- 1.2.2 Array Size Determination 34 -- 1.2.3 Time-delay Compensation 43 -- 1.3 Array Architecture And Control Technology 44 -- 1.3.1 Array Aperture 44 -- 1.3.2 Feed Architectures 47 -- 1.3.3 Beamforming Modalities And Relevant Architectures 53 -- 1.3.4 Rf Components For Array Control 55 -- Chapter 2 Pattern Characteristics Of Linear And Planar Arrays 63 -- 2.1 Array Analysis 63 -- 2.1.1 The Radiation Integrals 63 -- 2.1.2 Element Pattern Effects, Mutual Coupling, Gain Computed From Element Patterns 68 -- 2.2 Characteristics Of Linear And Planar Arrays 75 -- 2.2.1 Linear Array Characteristics 75 -- 2.2.2 Planar Array Characteristics 84 -- 2.3 Scanning To Endfire 89 -- 2.4 Thinned Arrays 92 -- 2.4.1 Average Patterns Of Density-tapered Arrays 93 -- 2.4.2 Probabilistic Studies Of Thinned Arrays 96 -- 2.4.3 Thinned Arrays With Quantized Amplitude Distributions 99 -- Chapter 3 Pattern Synthesis For Linear And Planar Arrays 109 -- 3.1 Linear Arrays And Planar Arrays With Separable Distributions 109 -- 3.1.1 Fourier Transform Method 109 -- 3.1.2 Schelkunov's (schelkunoff's) Form 111 -- 3.1.3 Woodward Synthesis 113 -- 3.1.4 Dolph-chebyshev Synthesis 116 -- 3.1.5 Taylor Line Source Synthesis 121 -- 3.1.6 Modified Sin [pi]z/[pi]z Patterns 128 -- 3.1.7 Bayliss Line Source Difference Patterns 130 -- 3.1.8 Synthesis Methods Based On Taylor Patterns: Elliott's Modified Taylor Patterns And The Iterative Method Of Elliott 133 -- 3.1.9 Discretization Of Continuous Aperture Illuminations By Root Matching And Iteration 139 -- 3.1.10 Synthesis Of Patterns With Complex Roots And Power Pattern Synthesis 141 -- 3.2 Circular Planar Arrays 153 -- 3.2.1 Taylor Circular Array Synthesis 153 -- 3.2.2 Bayliss Difference Patterns For Circular Arrays 155 -- 3.3 Methods Of Pattern Optimization/adaptive Arrays 157 -- 3.3.1 Pattern Optimization 157 -- 3.3.2 Adaptive Arrays 159 -- 3.3.3 Generalized S/n Optimization For Sidelobe Cancelers, Phased And Multiple-beam Arrays 162 -- 3.3.4 Operation As Sidelobe Canceler 165 -- 3.3.5 Fully Adaptive Phased Or Multiple-beam Arrays 168 -- 3.3.6 Wideband Adaptive Control 170 -- 3.4 Generalized Patterns Using Covariance Matrix Inversion 175 -- 3.5 Pattern Synthesis Using Measured Element Patterns 176 -- Chapter 4 Patterns Of Nonplanar Arrays 185 -- 4.1.1 Methods Of Analysis For General Conformal Arrays 186 -- 4.2 Patterns Of Circular And Cylindrical Arrays 187 -- 4.2.1 Phase Mode Excitation Of Circular Arrays 190 -- 4.2.2 Patterns And Elevation Scan 194 -- 4.2.3 Circular And Cylindrical Arrays Of Directional Elements 194 -- 4.2.4 Sector Arrays On Conducting Cylinders 197 -- 4.3 Spherical And Hemispherical Arrays 220 -- 4.4 Truncated Conical Arrays 221 -- Chapter 5 Elements For Phased Arrays 225 -- 5.1 Array Elements 225 -- 5.2 Polarization Characteristics Of Infinitesimal Elements In Free Space 225 -- 5.3 Electric Current (wire) Antenna Elements 227 -- 5.3.1 Effective Radius Of Wire Structures With Noncircular Cross Section 228 -- 5.3.2 The Dipole And The Monopole 228 -- 5.3.3 Special Feeds For Dipoles And Monopoles 234 -- 5.3.4 Dipoles Fed Off-center 238 -- 5.3.5 The Sleeve Dipole And Monopole 238 -- 5.3.6 The Bowtie And Other Wideband Dipoles 241 -- 5.3.7 The Folded Dipole 241 -- 5.3.8 Microstrip Dipoles 246 -- 5.3.9 Other Wire Antenna Structures 247 -- 5.3.10 Broadband Flared-notch, Vivaldi, And Cavity-backed Antennas 248 -- 5.4 Aperture Antenna Elements 251 -- 5.4.1 Slot Elements 252 -- 5.4.2 Waveguide Radiators 254 -- 5.4.3 Ridged Waveguide Elements 256 -- 5.4.4 Horn Elements 257 -- 5.5 Microstrip Patch Elements 258 -- 5.5.1 Microstrip Patch 258 -- 5.5.2 The Balanced Fed Radiator Of Collings 268 -- 5.6 Elements For Alternative Transmission Lines 269 -- 5.7 Elements And Row (column) Arrays For One-dimensional Scan 269 -- 5.7.1 Waveguide Slot Array Line Source Elements 272 -- 5.7.2 Printed Circuit Series-fed Arrays 275 -- 5.8 Elements And Polarizers For Polarization Diversity 277 -- Chapter 6 Summary Of Element Pattern And Mutual Impedance Effects 291 -- 6.1 Mutual Impedance Effects 291 -- 6.2 Integral Equation Formulation For Radiation And Coupling In Finite And Infinite Arrays 293 -- 6.2.1 Formulation And Results For Finite Arrays 293 -- 6.2.2 Formulation And Results For Infinite Arrays 297 -- 6.3 Array Blindness And Surface Waves 306 -- 6.4 Impedance And Element Patterns In Well-behaved Infinite Scanning Arrays 319 -- 6.5 Semi-infinite And Finite Arrays 327 -- 6.6 Impedance Matching For Wide Angle And Wideband Radiation 329 -- 6.6.1 Reduced Element Spacing 331 -- 6.6.2 Dielectric Waim Sheets 333 -- 6.7 Mutual Coupling Phenomena For Nonplanar Surfaces 335 -- 6.8 Small Arrays And Waveguide Simulators For The Evaluation Of Phased Array Scan Behavior 339 -- 6.8.1 Several Useful Simulators 344 -- Chapter 7 Array Error Effects 353 -- 7.2 Effects Of Random Amplitude And Phase Errors In Periodic Arrays 353 -- 7.2.1 Average Pattern Characteristics 354 -- 7.2.2 Directivity 358 -- 7.2.3 Beam Pointing Error 358 -- 7.2.4 Peak Sidelobes 359 -- 7.3 Sidelobe Levels Due To Periodic Phase, Amplitude, And Time-delay Quantization 362 -- 7.3.1 Characteristics Of An Array Of Uniformly Illuminated Contiguous Subarrays 364 -- 7.3.2 Phase Quantization In A Uniformly Illuminated Array 365 -- 7.3.3 Reduction Of Sidelobes Due To Phase Quantization 371 -- 7.3.4 Subarrays With Quantized Amplitude Taper 374 -- 7.3.5 Time Delay At The Subarray Ports 375 -- 7.3.6 Discrete Phase Or Time-delayed Subarrays With Quantized Subarray Amplitudes 375 -- Chapter 8 Special Array Feeds For Limited Field-of-view And Wideband Arrays 379 -- 8.1 Multiple-beam Systems 379 -- 8.1.1 Beam Crossover Loss 381 -- 8.1.2 Orthogonality Loss And The Stein Limit 384 -- 8.1.3 Multiple-beam Matrices And Optical Beamformers 392 -- 8.2 Antenna Techniques For Limited Field-of-view Systems 399 -- 8.2.1 Minimum Number Of Controls 400 -- 8.2.2 Periodic And Aperiodic Arrays For Limited Field Of View 402 -- 8.2.3 Constrained Network For Completely Overlapped Subarrays 421 -- 8.2.4 Reflectors And Lenses With Array Feeds 429 -- 8.2.5 Practical Design Of A Dual-transform System 452 -- 8.3 Wideband Scanning Systems 455 -- 8.3.1 Broadband Arrays With Time-delayed Offset Beams 456 -- 8.3.2 Contiguous Time-delayed Subarrays For Wideband Systems 456 -- 8.3.3 Overlapped Time-delayed Subarrays For Wideband Systems 459. Robert J. Mailloux. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Phased Array Antenna Handbook Cover Contents 1 Phased Arrays in Radar and Communication Systems 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 System Requirements for Radar and Communication Antennas 1.2 Array Characterization for Radar and Communication Systems 1.2.1 Fundamental Results from Array Theory 1.2.2 Array Size Determination 1.2.3 Time-Delay Compensation 1.3 Array Architecture and Control Technology 1.3.1 Array Aperture 1.3.2 Feed Architectures 1.3.3 Beamforming Modalities and Relevant Architectures 1.3.4 RF Components for Array Control References 2 Pattern Characteristics of Linear and Planar Arrays 2.1 Array Analysis 2.1.1 The Radiation Integrals 2.1.2 Element Pattern Effects, Mutual Coupling, Gain Computed from Element Patterns 2.2 Characteristics of Linear and Planar Arrays 2.2.1 Linear Array Characteristics 2.2.2 Planar Array Characteristics 2.3 Scanning to Endfire 2.4 Thinned Arrays 2.4.1 Average Patterns of Density-Tapered Arrays 2.4.2 Probabilistic Studies of Thinned Arrays 2.4.3 Thinned Arrays with Quantized Amplitude Distributions References 3 Pattern Synthesis for Linear and Planar Arrays 3.1 Linear Arrays and Planar Arrays with Separable Distributions 3.1.1 Fourier Transform Method 3.1.2 Schelkunov's (Schelkunoff's) Form 3.1.3 Woodward Synthesis 3.1.4 Dolph-Chebyshev Synthesis 3.1.5 Taylor Line Source Synthesis 3.1.6 Modified sin pz/ pz Patterns 3.1.7 Bayliss Line Source Difference Patterns 3.1.8 Synthesis Methods Based on Taylor Patterns: Elliott's Modified Taylor Patterns and the Iterative Method of Elliott 3.1.9 Discretization of Continuous Aperture Illuminations by Root Matching and Iteration 3.1.10 Synthesis of Patterns with Complex Roots and Power Pattern Synthesis 3.2 Circular Planar Arrays 3.2.1 Taylor Circular Array Synthesis 3.2.2 Bayliss Difference Patterns for Circular Arrays 3.3 Methods of Pattern Optimization/Adaptive Arrays 3.3.1 Pattern Optimization 3.3.2 Adaptive Arrays 3.3.3 Generalized S/N Optimization for Sidelobe Cancelers, Phased and Multiple-Beam Arrays 3.3.4 Operation as Sidelobe Canceler 3.3.5 Fully Adaptive Phased or Multiple-Beam Arrays 3.3.6 Wideband Adaptive Control 3.4 Generalized Patterns Using Covariance Matrix Inversion 3.5 Pattern Synthesis Using Measured Element Patterns References 4 Patterns of Nonplanar Arrays 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Methods of Analysis for General Conformal Arrays 4.2 Patterns of Circular and Cylindrical Arrays 4.2.1 Phase Mode Excitation of Circular Arrays 4.2.2 Patterns and Elevation Scan 4.2.3 Circular and Cylindrical Arrays of Directional Elements 4.2.4 Sector Arrays on Conducting Cylinders 4.3 Spherical and Hemispherical Arrays 4.4 Truncated Conical Arrays References 5 Elements for Phased Arrays 5.1 Array Elements 5.2 Polarization Characteristics of Infinitesimal Elements in Free Space 5.3 Electric Current (Wire) Antenna Elements 5.3.1 Effective Radius of Wire Structures with Noncircular Cross Section 5.3.2 The Dipole and the Monopole 5.3.3 Special Feeds for Dipoles and Monopoles 5.3.4 Dipoles Fed Off-Center 5.3.5 The Sleeve Dipole and Monopole 5.3.6 The Bowtie and Other Wideband Dipoles 5.3.7 The Folded Dipole 5.3.8 Microstrip Dipoles 5.3.9 Other Wire Antenna Structures 5.3.10 Broadband Flared-Notch, Vivaldi, and Cavity-Backed Antennas 5.4 Aperture Antenna Elements 5.4.1 Slot Elements 5.4.2 Waveguide Radiators 5.4.3 Ridged Waveguide Elements 5.4.4 Horn Elements 5.5 Microstrip Patch Elements 5.5.1 Microstrip Patch 5.5.2 The Balanced Fed Radiator of Collings 5.6 Elements for Alternative Transmission Lines 5.7 Elements and Row (Column) Arrays for One-Dimensional Scan 5.7.1 Waveguide Slot Array Line Source Elements 5.7.2 Printed Circuit Series-Fed Arrays 5.8 Elements and Polarizers for Polarization Diversity References 6 Summary of Element Pattern and Mutual Impedance Effects 6.1 Mutual Impedance Effects 6.2 Integral Equation Formulation for Radiation and Coupling in Finite and Infinite Arrays 6.2.1 Formulation and Results for Finite Arrays 6.2.2 Formulation and Results for Infinite Arrays 6.3 Array Blindness and Surface Waves 6.4 Impedance and Element Patterns in Well-Behaved Infinite Scanning Arrays 6.5 Semi-Infinite and Finite Arrays 6.6 Impedance Matching for Wide Angle and Wideband Radiation 6.6.1 Reduced Element Spacing 6.6.2 Dielectric WAIM Sheets 6.7 Mutual Coupling Phenomena for Nonplanar Surfaces 6.8 Small Arrays and Waveguide Simulators for the Evaluation of Phased Array Scan Behavior 6.8.1 Several Useful Simulators References 7 Array Error Effects 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Effects of Random Amplitude and Phase Errors in Periodic Arrays 7.2.1 Average Pattern Characteristics 7.2.2 Directivity 7.2.3 Beam Pointing Error 7.2.4 Peak Sidelobes 7.3 Sidelobe Levels Due to Periodic Phase, Amplitude, and Time-Delay Quantization 7.3.1 Characteristics of an Array of Uniformly Illuminated Contiguous Subarrays 7.3.2 Phase Quantization in a Uniformly Illuminated Array 7.3.3 Reduction of Sidelobes Due to Phase Quantization 7.3.4 Subarrays with Quantized Amplitude Taper 7.3.5 Time Delay at the Subarray Ports 7.3.6 Discrete Phase or Time-Delayed Subarrays with Quantized Subarray Amplitudes References 8 Special Array Feeds for Limited Field-of-View and Wideband Arrays 8.1 Multiple-Beam Systems 8.1.1 Beam Crossover Loss 8.1.2 Orthogonality Loss and the Stein Limit 8.1.3 Multiple-Beam Matrices and Optical Beamformers 8.2 Antenna Techniques for Limited Field-of-View Systems 8.2.1 Minimum Number of Controls 8.2.2 Periodic and Aperiodic Arrays for Limited Field of View 8.2.3 Constrained Network for Completely Overlapped Subarrays 8.2.4 Reflectors and Lenses with Array Feeds 8.2.5 Practical Design of a Dual-Transform System 8.3 Wideband Scanning Systems 8.3.1 Broadband Arrays with Time-Delayed Offset Beams 8.3.2 Contiguous Time-Delayed Subarrays for Wideband Systems 8.3.3 Overlapped Time-Delayed Subarrays for Wideband Systems References List of Symbols About the Author Index Team-kB This newly revised edition of the Artech House classic, Phased Array Antenna Handbook, offers the most up-to-date and broadest view of array antennas and systems. You find complete design details that allow you to size an array system with a speed and confidence. The second edition offers you a wealth of new material, including a detailed treatment of antenna system noise, sections on antenna pattern synthesis, developments in subarray technology, and in-depth information on array architecture and components. Youfind a review of digital temperature sensors, helping you design a monitoringsystem