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This unique and much needed textbook meets the rapidly emerging needs of programs training pharmacologic scientists seeking careers in basic research and drug discovery rather than such applied fields as pharmacy and medicine. While the market is crowded with many clinical and therapeutic pharmacology textbooks, the field of pharmacology is booming with the prospects of discovering new drugs, and virtually no extant textbook meets this need at the student level. The market is so bereft of such approaches that many pharmaceutical companies will adopt Hacker, et al. to help train new drug researchers. The boom in pharmacology is driven by the recent decryption of the human genome and enormous progress in controlling genes and synthesizing proteins, making new and even custom drug design possible. This book makes use of these discoveries in presenting its topics, moving logically from drug receptors to the target molecules drug researchers seek, covering such modern topics along the way as side effects, drug resistance, Pharmacogenomics, and even nutriceuticals, one in a string of culminating chapters on the drug discovery process. *Uses individual drugs to explain molecular actions*Full color art program explains molecular and chemical concepts graphically*Logical structure reflecting the current state of pharmacology and translational research, starting with receptors and finishing with target molecules*Covers such intricacies as drug resistance and cell death*Consistent format across chapters and pedagogical strategies make this textbook a superior learning tool Cover Page ......Page 1 Copyright ......Page 2 Dedication ......Page 3 Contributors ......Page 4 Preface ......Page 5 What Is Pharmacology?......Page 6 The Beginnings of Pharmacology......Page 7 Pharmacology and the Middle Ages......Page 8 Pharmacology and the Renaissance......Page 9 The Birth of Modern Pharmacology......Page 10 References......Page 12 Introduction......Page 13 Factors Affecting Dosage......Page 14 DDIs Associated with Alteration of Cytochrome P450 Activity......Page 305 Body Surface Areas......Page 15 Dose Based on Creatinine Clearance......Page 17 Routes of Drug Administration......Page 18 Introduction......Page 19 Ionization of Drugs......Page 20 Miscellaneous Oral Dosage Forms......Page 21 Rectal Route......Page 22 Parenteral Route......Page 23 Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems......Page 24 Topical Solutions and Tinctures......Page 25 Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems......Page 26 Aerosol Delivery Devices for Inhalation, Inhalants, and Sprays......Page 28 Vaporizers and Humidifiers......Page 30 Nanoparticle......Page 32 Review Questions......Page 33 Monographs, Review Articles, and OriginalPapers......Page 171 Drug Transporters and Drug Resistance......Page 34 The Lipid Molecules......Page 35 The Amphipathic Property of Lipid Molecules......Page 42 The Bilayer......Page 43 Trans-bilayer Structure......Page 44 Lateral Structure of a Bilayer......Page 45 The Role of Proteins in a Bilayer......Page 46 Lateral Heterogeneity......Page 48 In Support of Protein Function......Page 49 Role of Drug Polarity......Page 50 Tubular Secretion......Page 52 Vesicle-mediated Transport......Page 53 Pore-forming Peptides......Page 55 General Anesthesia......Page 56 Multiple Drug Resistance......Page 59 Calculating Exposure Doses......Page 60 Review Questions......Page 61 References......Page 63 The Cell Cycle......Page 65 Affinity......Page 66 Efficacy......Page 67 Antagonism......Page 70 Orthosteric Antagonism......Page 71 Allosteric Modulation......Page 73 Extended Ternary Complex Model......Page 74 Conclusions......Page 75 References......Page 76 Pharmacology and the Dose Response......Page 77 Hormesis: Origin of Concept and Terminology......Page 79 Historical Marginalization of Hormesis......Page 80 Rebirth of Scientific Credibility and Centrality......Page 82 Common Terms Used for Hormetic Dose Responses......Page 83 Evidence Supporting Hormesis......Page 84 Hormesis Characteristics......Page 90 The Hormesis Stimulation: Direct or Compensatory Response to Damage?......Page 91 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-coupled Second Messengers......Page 92 Drugs That Target the Mitotic Spindle......Page 93 The Oral Cavity and Gastro-Intestinal (GI) Tract......Page 94 Hormesis in Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs) and Mixed Chemical Systems......Page 95 Epidemiological Considerations: Issue of Population Heterogeneity......Page 96 Drug Discovery......Page 97 N-Acetyltransferases (NATs)......Page 98 The Importance of Ligand Alignment......Page 99 Drug Potency and Hormesis......Page 100 Review Questions......Page 101 References......Page 102 References for Figure 5.3.......Page 104 G-Protein-Coupled Receptors......Page 105 G-Protein-Coupled Second Messengers......Page 106 Gs/Gi Coupling to Adenylyl Cyclase......Page 107 Signaling by betagamma Subunits......Page 108 Antimetabolites and Damage During S Phase......Page 427 Ras/MAP Kinase Signaling Cascade......Page 109 Cytokine Receptors (Tyrosine Kinase-Associated Receptors)......Page 111 Development of Drug Allergies......Page 123 Other Classes of Receptors......Page 112 Pharmacokinetic Considerations......Page 313 References and Further Reading......Page 113 Acknowledgements......Page 561 Clinical Correlate: AIDS Pharmacotherapy Movement Across Biological Membranes......Page 115 Overview and History......Page 448 Membrane Proteins......Page 116 Drug Efflux Proteins......Page 367 Dose Response Assessment......Page 352 OAT/OCT......Page 117 Flux Across Biological Membranes......Page 121 Risk Characterization......Page 122 Mechanism of Ion Channel Inhibition......Page 392 Substrate Interactions with Cytochromes P450......Page 124 Absorption and the First-Pass Effect......Page 125 Tubular Transport of Nucleosides and Nucleoside Analogs......Page 126 First-Order Absorption Rate......Page 211 Identifying Hits and Producing Lead Compounds......Page 127 Example......Page 337 Intracellular Membranes......Page 129 Myelosuppression......Page 295 References......Page 130 Overview and History......Page 132 Genomics and Proteomics......Page 553 Biotransformation Pathways......Page 133 Regulation......Page 138 Ion Selectivity......Page 387 Accounting for Cooperativity......Page 309 Microarrays......Page 555 Transcriptional/Posttranscriptional Control......Page 140 Cytochromes P450......Page 141 Structure......Page 143 Topography......Page 144 Origin, Genetics, and Polymorphisms of Cytochromes P450......Page 145 Phenotyping CYP Activity......Page 149 Quantitative Characterization of Drug Metabolizing Enzyme Activities......Page 151 In Silico Methods for Predicting Substrate Specificity......Page 152 Effects of Aging and Disease on Renal Drug Excretion......Page 153 Volume of Distribution......Page 213 Monoamine Oxidases (MAO)......Page 158 Xanthine Oxidase (XO)......Page 159 Flavin Monoxygenases (FMO)......Page 160 Phase II Enzymes......Page 161 Sulfotransferases (SULTs)......Page 162 Glucuronidation......Page 163 Glutathione-S-Transferases (GSTs)......Page 167 Conclusions and Key Points......Page 169 Introduction......Page 175 P-glycoprotein (Pgp, ABCB1)......Page 176 Exponential Function, Exponential Decay, and Half-Life......Page 203 Multidrug Resistant Proteins (MRP, ABCC)......Page 177 Solute Carrier (SLC) Transport Family......Page 178 Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide Family (OATP, SLC21A)......Page 179 Nucleoside Transporter Families: Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters (CNT, SLC28) and Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters.........Page 180 Functional Overview of the Kidney......Page 181 Glomerular Filtration......Page 182 Tubular Reabsorption......Page 183 Tubular Transport of Organic Anions......Page 184 Tubular Transport of Organic Cations......Page 186 Renal Drug Interactions......Page 187 The Ultraviolet-Visible Light Detector (the UV-Vis Detector)......Page 188 Drug Transport Across the Hepatocyte......Page 189 Enterohepatic Recycling......Page 191 Hepatobiliary Drug Interactions......Page 193 Using Functional Group Interactions to Track Ligand Binding......Page 493 Intestinal Exsorption......Page 194 Design of Irreversible Inhibitors......Page 298 Other Routes of Drug Excretion......Page 195 Pharmacokinetics of Large Molecules......Page 196 Books......Page 197 Review Articles and Original Papers......Page 198 Pharmacokinetic Modeling......Page 200 Introduction......Page 201 Mathematics in Pharmacokinetics......Page 202 Integration and Area Under the Curve......Page 204 Passive Diffusion Transport Rate......Page 205 Diffusion through a Lipid Bilayer......Page 206 Blood Flow Transport......Page 207 Perfusion versus Permeation Transport Limitations......Page 208 Permeability-Limited Transport......Page 209 Extent of Absorption: Bioavailability......Page 210 Chemical Parameters......Page 212 First-Order Distribution Rate......Page 214 Metabolism......Page 215 First-Order Rate of Metabolism......Page 216 Excretion Clearance and Renal Clearance......Page 217 Overall First-Order Elimination Rate Constant......Page 218 Organization of Single-Dose Pharmacokinetic Model Information......Page 219 One-Compartment Bolus IV Injection (Instantaneous Absorption) Model......Page 220 Setup and Solution of Mass Balance Equations......Page 221 Effect of Basic Model Parameters on the Plasma Concentration versus Time Curve......Page 222 Linear Regression of ln(Cp) versus t......Page 223 Area under the Curve (AUC) Calculations......Page 224 Two-Compartment Instantaneous Drug Absorption Simplification......Page 225 Setup and Solution of Mass Balance Equations......Page 226 Plasma Concentration versus Time Relationships......Page 227 Effect of Basic Model Parameters on the Plasma Concentration versus Time Curve......Page 228 Linear Regression of Postinfusion Data......Page 229 Linear Regression of Infusion Period Data......Page 230 Special Cases of the One-Compartment IV Infusion (Zero-Order Absorption) Model......Page 231 First-Order Absorption......Page 232 Plasma Concentration versus Time Relationships......Page 233 Effect of Basic Model Parameters on the Plasma Concentration versus Time Curve......Page 234 Estimating Model Parameters from Measured Plasma Concentration Data......Page 235 Method of Residuals Analysis of Absorption Phase Plasma Concentration Data......Page 236 Area under the Curve (AUC) Calculations......Page 237 Flip-Flop First-Order Absorption......Page 238 Two-Compartment Bolus IV Injection (Instantaneous Absorption) Model......Page 239 Setup and Solution of Mass Balance Equations......Page 240 Plasma Concentration versus Time Relationships......Page 241 Distribution and Elimination Half-Lives......Page 242 Estimating Model Parameters from Measured Plasma Concentration Data......Page 243 Method of Residuals Analysis of Distribution Phase Plasma Concentration Data......Page 244 Distribution Volume Terms for a Two-Compartment Model......Page 245 Approximation of Two-Compartment Drug by One-Compartment Model......Page 246 Setup and Solution of Mass Balance Equations......Page 247 Distribution and Elimination Half-Lives......Page 248 Effect of Basic Model Parameters on the Plasma Concentration versus Time Curve......Page 249 Method of Residuals Analysis of Distribution Phase Plasma Concentration Data......Page 250 Area under the Curve (AUC) Calculations......Page 251 Two-Compartment First-Order Absorption Model......Page 252 Setup and Solution of Mass Balance Equations......Page 253 Plasma Concentration versus Time Relationships......Page 254 Effect of Basic Model Parameters on the Plasma Concentration versus Time Curve......Page 255 Linear Regression of Terminal Line Plasma Concentration Data......Page 256 Method of Residuals Analysis of Absorption and Distribution Phase Data......Page 257 Area under the Curve (AUC) Calculations......Page 258 Generalized Multicompartment Models......Page 259 Plasma Concentration versus Time Relationships......Page 260 Estimating Model Parameters from Measured Plasma Concentration Data......Page 261 Superposition Principle Assumptions......Page 263 Superposition Principle......Page 264 One-Compartment Instantaneous Absorption......Page 265 One-Compartment First-Order Absorption......Page 267 Generalized Multicompartment Model with Instantaneous or First-Order Absorption......Page 268 Estimating Plasma Drug Concentrations......Page 269 Curve Fitting with Nonlinear Regression Analysis......Page 270 Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis......Page 271 Metabolite Kinetics......Page 272 Nonlinear Kinetics......Page 273 Physiologically-based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Models......Page 274 Summary of Key Points......Page 275 References......Page 276 The Scope of Drug Bioanalysis......Page 277 Cell Cycle Checkpoints......Page 278 The Inhibitors of Apoptosis, IAPs......Page 451 Chromatography......Page 279 From LC to GC to HPLC-Comparisons and a History Lesson......Page 280 An Adolescent Heyday of Rational Drug Design......Page 282 Bandbroadening......Page 283 Exposure Setting......Page 286 Extracolumn Bandbroadening......Page 287 Analytical Separations in Practice......Page 288 HPLC Stationary Phases......Page 289 Gradient versus Isocratic Elution......Page 290 Instrumental Aspects of HPLC......Page 291 Gradient Formation......Page 292 Carcinogens......Page 356 A Glossary of Bioanalytical Terms (Source: Adapted from US Food and Drug Administration Guidance for Industry: Bioanalytical Method Validation)......Page 293 Fixed-Wavelength UV-Vis Detectors......Page 294 Agranulocytosis......Page 338 Electrospray Ionization......Page 297 Review Questions......Page 299 References......Page 300 Overview and History......Page 301 A Working Definition......Page 302 Ion Channel Structure and Function: Basic Principles and Mechanisms......Page 303 Sources of Drug Interaction Information......Page 304 Predicting the Clinical Significance of DDIs Associated with CYP Inhibition from In Vitro Data......Page 306 Interactions Resulting from Increased Enzyme Activity......Page 310 Spindle Checkpoint......Page 312 Interactions Involving P-Glycoprotein (PgP)......Page 315 Predicting Clinical DDI Outcomes from In Vitro DDI Data for PgP......Page 316 Predicting DDIs When Victim Drugs Are Processed Both by CYPs and PgP, and When Perpetrators Inhibit Both......Page 317 DDIs Associated with Protein Binding......Page 318 Conclusions and Key Points......Page 320 References......Page 322 Type A ADRs......Page 324 Epidemiology......Page 351 Tools for Searching for Future Drugs......Page 326 Population Distribution and Drug Sensitivity......Page 327 Examples of Type A ADRs......Page 328 Altered Levels of Drug Target......Page 329 Pharmacovigilance and ADR......Page 330 Type B ADRs......Page 331 Classification of Drug Allergies......Page 332 Medicinal Chemistry and the Process of Drug Discovery Today and into the Future......Page 333 Epidemiology of Beta Lactam Drug Allergies......Page 334 Mechanisms of Allergic Responses......Page 335 L-Asparaginase......Page 336 Diclofenac as a Model of Idiosyncratic Hepatotoxicity......Page 339 Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity......Page 341 NSAIDs and Cardiotoxicity......Page 342 Idiosyncratic Pulmonary Damage......Page 343 Idiosyncratic Renal Toxicity......Page 344 Risk Communication......Page 364 Streptomycin-induced Renal Toxicity......Page 345 Review Questions......Page 346 References......Page 365 History......Page 350 Exposure Assessment......Page 353 Soil Sampling......Page 354 Activity Patterns......Page 355 Hazard Index......Page 357 Generic Exposure Dose......Page 358 Plant Models......Page 360 Review Questions......Page 419 Radiological Risk Assessments......Page 361 Risk Management......Page 362 Risk Management Factors in Cost and Feasibility......Page 363 Interplay of Synthetic Chemistry and Advanced Pharmacology......Page 516 Introduction......Page 423 Glutathione and Drug Resistance......Page 371 Structural Modifications......Page 372 DNA Repair and Drug Resistance......Page 374 Resistance to Penicillin: A Story of Two Mechanisms......Page 375 Drug Inactivation by Beta-Lactamases......Page 376 Resistance to Chloroquine: Another Membrane-bound Transporter Protein......Page 377 Antifolate Resistance......Page 378 Tuberculosis Drug Resistance through Decreased Drug Activation......Page 379 Resistance Nodulation Cell Division Superfamily (RND)......Page 380 Drug Metabolism and Excretion versus Side-Effect Toxicity......Page 483 Review Questions......Page 381 Introduction......Page 382 Overview and History......Page 383 Ion Channel Classification and Nomenclature......Page 384 Gating......Page 390 Posttranslational Control......Page 391 Ligand-Gated Channels......Page 393 Calcium Channels......Page 396 Potassium Channels......Page 398 The Systemic Circulation and Blood-Brain Barrier......Page 407 Intracellular and Gap-Junction Ion Channels......Page 408 Conventional ("Sharp") Microelectrodes......Page 409 Patch-Clamp Technique......Page 410 Pharmacological Techniques......Page 412 Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Techniques......Page 413 Genetically Engineered Animal Models......Page 414 Ion Channels and Disease......Page 415 Ion Channels as Drug Targets......Page 416 Abbreviations......Page 420 Monographs, Review Articles, andOriginal Papers......Page 421 Useful Ion Channel Related Web Sites......Page 422 CDKs, Cyclins, CDKIs......Page 424 RB/E2F......Page 425 p21/WAF1/CIP1 and the CDKIs......Page 426 DNA Damage G2 Checkpoint......Page 428 Proteins That Recognize and Respond to Altered DNA Structures......Page 429 Claspin and RAD17 in ATR Signaling......Page 430 Cell Cycle Responses to Cancer Therapies That Damage DNA......Page 431 Mitotic Kinases as Targets of New Chemotherapeutics......Page 436 CPC at the Inner Centromere......Page 437 CPC at the Spindle Midzone......Page 438 Regulation of the CPC......Page 439 Long-term Responses to Aurora Kinase Inhibitors In Vitro......Page 440 Review Questions......Page 441 References......Page 442 Pathways of PCD......Page 449 Caspases......Page 450 The Mechanism of IAP Action......Page 452 Regulation of IAPs......Page 454 IAP Regulatory Proteins......Page 455 Mechanisms of Action of Bcl-2 Protein......Page 456 Apoptosis in Disease......Page 458 Caspase-3 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Stroke......Page 460 Cellular Immunology of MS......Page 462 Induction of Cell Death in Treatment of Cancer......Page 464 Targeting IAPs in Cancer-Proof of Principle Studies......Page 465 Key References and Further Reading......Page 466 Overview......Page 467 Drug Discovery Starting Points......Page 468 Optimizing Pharmacological Profile and Advancing a Preclinical Drug Development Candidate......Page 470 Validating Therapeutic Targets and the First Chance for a New Drug......Page 471 Medicinal Chemistry as an Academic Discipline and Its Adoption by the Industry......Page 473 Birth of a New Drug Discovery Paradigm......Page 474 Pharmacological Media and Biological Surfaces......Page 477 The Bronchopulmonary Circulation and the Second-Pass Effect......Page 480 Efficacy Surfaces: Receptors, Active Sites, and Cell Signaling Clusters......Page 482 Consideration of the Ten Most Prescribed Drugs......Page 487 Experimental Strategies......Page 489 Library-based Drug Design......Page 490 Structure-based Drug Design......Page 491 Site-directed Mutagenesis......Page 492 Inhibiting Proteases......Page 501 Assuring Absorption......Page 503 Directing Distribution......Page 508 Modulating Metabolism......Page 511 Engaging Excretion and Tending to Toxicity......Page 514 Process Chemistry......Page 517 Formulation Chemistry......Page 518 Protecting the Corporate Checkbook......Page 519 Clinical Testing......Page 520 Reconsideration of the Ten Most Prescribed Drugs......Page 521 Background......Page 524 Mechanism of Action......Page 527 The Need for Better Analogs......Page 528 Background......Page 530 Accumulated Structure-Activity Relationships......Page 533 Esmolol Stat......Page 534 Summary......Page 537 Background......Page 538 Today's Approaches......Page 540 Future Approaches......Page 542 Summary......Page 545 Summary......Page 546 Terms......Page 547 Chemical Structures......Page 548 Specific Problems......Page 549 Monographs, Review Articles, and OriginalPapers......Page 550 Web Databases or General Information Starting-Points......Page 552 Computational Proteomics......Page 554 Separation Methods in Proteomics......Page 556 Identification and Validation of Drug Targets......Page 557 Actions of Anticancer Drugs......Page 558 Prediction of Drug Resistance......Page 560 References......Page 562 The Problem......Page 566 Strategies for Searching for Future Drugs......Page 567 The Drugs of the Future......Page 569 References......Page 570 A ......Page 571 B ......Page 572 C ......Page 573 D ......Page 574 E ......Page 575 H ......Page 576 I ......Page 577 M ......Page 578 O ......Page 579 P ......Page 580 S ......Page 582 V ......Page 583 Z ......Page 584 Pharmacology meets the rapidly emerging needs of programs training pharmacologic scientists seeking careers in basic research and drug discovery rather than such applied fields as pharmacy and medicine. While the market is crowded with many clinical and therapeutic pharmacology textbooks, the field of pharmacology is booming with the prospects of discovering new drugs, and virtually no extant textbook meets this need at the student level. The market is so bereft of such approaches that many pharmaceutical companies will adopt Hacker et al. to help train new drug researchers. The boom in pharmacology is driven by the recent decryption of the human genome and enormous progress in controlling genes and synthesizing proteins, making new and even custom drug design possible. This book makes use of these discoveries in presenting its topics, moving logically from drug receptors to the target molecules drug researchers seek, covering such modern topics along the way as side effects, drug resistance, pharmacogenomics, and even nutriceuticals, one in a string of culminating chapters on the drug discovery process. The book is aimed at advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students in medical, pharmacy, and graduate schools looking for a solid introduction to the basic science of pharmacology and envisioning careers in drug research. Uses individual drugs to explain molecular actions Full color art program explains molecular and chemical concepts graphically Logical structure reflecting the current state of pharmacology and translational research Covers such intricacies as drug resistance and cell death Consistent format across chapters and pedagogical strategies make this textbook a superior learning tool This unique and much needed textbook meets the rapidly emerging needs of programs training pharmacologic scientists seeking careers in basic research and drug discovery rather than such applied fields as pharmacy and medicine. While the market is crowded with many clinical and therapeutic pharmacology textbooks, the field of pharmacology is booming with the prospects of discovering new drugs, and virtually no extant textbook meets this need at the student level. The market is so bereft of such approaches that many pharmaceutical companies will adopt Hacker, et al. to help train new drug researchers. The boom in pharmacology is driven by the recent decryption of the human genome and enormous progress in controlling genes and synthesizing proteins, making new and even custom drug design possible. This book makes use of these discoveries in presenting its topics, moving logically from drug receptors to the target molecules drug researchers seek, covering such modern topics along the way as side effects, drug resistance, Pharmacogenomics, and even nutriceuticals, one in a string of culminating chapters on the drug discovery process. \*Uses individual drugs to explain molecular actions \*Full color art program explains molecular and chemical concepts graphically \*Logical structure reflecting the current state of pharmacology and translational research, starting with receptors and finishing with target molecules \*Covers such intricacies as drug resistance and cell death \*Consistent format across chapters and pedagogical strategies make this textbook a superior learning tool This unique and much needed textbook will meet the rapidly emerging needs of programs training pharmacologic scientists seeking careers in basic research and drug discovery rather than such applied fields as pharmacy and medicine. While the market is crowded with many clinical and therapeutic pharmacology textbooks, the field of pharmacology is booming with the prospects of discovering new drugs, and virtually no extant textbook meets this need at the student level. The market is so bereft of such approaches that many pharmaceutical companies will adopt Hacker, et al. to help train new drug researchers. The boom in pharmacology is driven by the recent decryption of the human genome and enormous progress in controlling genes and synthesizing proteins, making new and even custom drug design possible. This book makes use of these discoveries in presenting its topics, moving logically from drug receptors to the target molecules drug researchers seek, covering such modern topics along the way as side effects, drug resistance, Pharmacogenomics, and even nutriceuticals, one in a string of culminating chapters on the drug discovery process. *Uses individual drugs to explain molecular actions *Full color art program explains molecular and chemical concepts graphically *Logical structure reflecting the current state of pharmacology and translational research, starting with receptors and finishing with target molecules *Covers such intricacies as drug resistance and cell death *Consistent format across chapters and pedagogical strategies make this textbook a superior learning tool This unique and much needed textbook meets the rapidly emerging needs of programs training pharmacologic scientists seeking careers in basic research and drug discovery rather than such applied fields as pharmacy and medicine. While the market is crowded with many clinical and therapeutic pharmacology textbooks, the field of pharmacology is booming with the prospects of discovering new drugs, and virtually no extant textbook meets this need at the student level. The market is so bereft of such approaches that many pharmaceutical companies will adopt Hacker, et al. to help train new drug researchers.

The boom in pharmacology is driven by the recent decryption of the human genome and enormous progress in controlling genes and synthesizing proteins, making new and even custom drug design possible. This book makes use of these discoveries in presenting its topics, moving logically from drug receptors to the target molecules drug researchers seek, covering such modern topics along the way as side effects, drug resistance, Pharmacogenomics, and even nutriceuticals, one in a string of culminating chapters on the drug discovery process.

*Uses individual drugs to explain molecular actions
*Full color art program explains molecular and chemical concepts graphically
*Logical structure reflecting the current state of pharmacology and translational research
*Covers such intricacies as drug resistance and cell death
*Consistent format across chapters and pedagogical strategies make this textbook a superior learning tool