Pharmacology and the Nursing Process, 10e (Apr 28, 2022)_(0323827977)_(Mosby)

Front Cover IFC BRIEF CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHORS Pharmacology and the Nursing Process Copyright Contributors to Teaching/Learning Resources PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO THE STUDENT NURSING PROCESS Assessment Human Need Statements Planning: Outcome Identification Implementation Evaluation VOCABULARY TEXT NOTATION ENHANCED TYPEFACE STUDY TIME LEARNING STYLES USE OF APPLICATIONS FLASH CARDS STUDY GROUPS CHAT ROOMS AND DISCUSSION GROUPS TIME MANAGEMENT PRACTICE QUESTIONS APPLICATION OF PHARMACOLOGY AND MAKING CONNECTIONS STUDYING FOR TESTS TEST-TAKING STRATEGIES PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FUTURE APPLICATION IFC 1 - Pharmacology Basics 1 - The Nursing Process and Drug Therapy ASSESSMENT Analysis of Data IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN NEED STATEMENTS PLANNING: OUTCOME IDENTIFICATION IMPLEMENTATION Nine Rights of Medication Administration Right Drug Right Dose Right Time Right Route and Form Right Patient Right Documentation Right Reason or Indication Right Response Right to Refuse Medication Errors EVALUATION REFERENCES 2 - Pharmacologic Principles OVERVIEW PHARMACEUTICS PHARMACOKINETICS Absorption . Drugs administered by the sublingual route are absorbed into the highly vascularized tissue under the tongue—the oral mucosa. ... . Injections into the fatty subcutaneous tissues under the dermal layer of skin are referred to as subcutaneous injections. Inje... . Transdermal drug delivery through adhesive patches is an elaborate topical route of drug administration that is commonly used ... . Inhalation is another type of topical drug administration. Inhaled drugs are delivered to the lungs as micrometer- sized drug ... Distribution Metabolism Excretion Half- Life Onset, Peak, and Duration PHARMACODYNAMICS Mechanism of Action PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS Acute Therapy Maintenance Therapy Supplemental Therapy Palliative Therapy Supportive Therapy Prophylactic Therapy and Empirical Therapy Monitoring PHARMACOGNOSY PHARMACOECONOMICS TOXICOLOGY SUMMARY REFERENCES 3 - Lifespan Considerations DRUG THERAPY DURING BREASTFEEDING CONSIDERATIONS FOR NEONATAL AND PEDIATRIC PATIENTS Physiology and Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Dosage Calculations for Pediatric Patients CONSIDERATIONS FOR OLDER ADULT PATIENTS ISSUES IN CLINICAL DRUG USE IN THE OLDER ADULT Physiologic Changes Pharmacokinetics Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion Problematic Medications for the Older Adult ?Nursing Process ?Assessment ?Human Need Statements ?Planning: Outcome Identification ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 4 - Cultural, Legal, and Ethical Considerations CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS Influence of Ethnicity and Genetics on Drug Response Cultural Considerations Related to Drug Therapy and Nursing Practice LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS US Drug and Related Legislation New Drug Development US Food and Drug Administration Drug Approval Process Preclinical Investigational Drug Studies Four Clinical Phases of Investigational Drug Studies . Phase I studies usually involve small numbers of healthy subjects rather than those who have the disease that the new drug is ... . Phase II studies involve small numbers of volunteers who have the disease that the drug is designed to diagnose or treat. Stud... . Phase III studies involve large numbers of patients who are followed by medical research centers and other types of health car... . Phase IV studies are postmarketing studies that are voluntarily conducted by pharmaceutical companies to obtain further proof ... Legal Considerations Related to Drug Therapy and Nursing Practice ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS AS RELATED TO DRUG THERAPY AND NURSING PRACTICE ?Nursing Process ?Assessment Maintaining Health Protecting Health Restoring Health ?Human Need Statements ?Planning: Outcome Identification ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 5 - Medication Errors: Preventing and Responding MEDICATION ERRORS ISSUES CONTRIBUTING TO ERRORS Preventing Medication Errors Responding to, Reporting, and Documenting Medication Errors Notification of Patients Regarding Errors Possible Consequences of Medication Errors ERRORS RELATED TO THE TRANSITION OF CARE SUMMARY REFERENCES 6 - Patient Education and Drug Therapy OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING NEEDS RELATED TO DRUG THERAPY HUMAN NEED STATEMENTS RELATED TO LEARNING NEEDS AND DRUG THERAPY PLANNING: OUTCOME IDENTIFICATION AS RELATED TO LEARNING NEEDS AND DRUG THERAPY IMPLEMENTATION RELATED TO PATIENT EDUCATION AND DRUG THERAPY EVALUATION OF PATIENT TEACHING RELATED TO DRUG THERAPY SUMMARY REFERENCES 7 - Over-the-Counter Drugs and Herbal and Dietary Supplements OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS HERBALS AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS History Consumer Use of Dietary Supplements Safety Level of Use ?Nursing Process ?Assessment Over-the-Counter Drugs Herbal Products and Dietary Supplements ?Human Need Statements ?Planning: Outcome Identification ?Implementation ?Evaluation REFERENCES 8 - Gene Therapy and Pharmacogenomics OVERVIEW BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GENETIC INHERITANCE DISCOVERY, STRUCTURE, AND FUNCTION OF DNA Protein Synthesis Human Genome Project GENE THERAPY Background Regulatory and Ethical Issues Regarding Gene Therapy PHARMACOGENETICS AND PHARMACOGENOMICS APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS AS RELATED TO GENETIC PRINCIPLES REFERENCES 9 - Photo Atlas of Drug Administration PREPARING FOR DRUG ADMINISTRATION ENTERAL DRUGS Administering Oral Drugs Administering Drugs Through a Nasogastric or Gastrostomy Tube Administering Rectal Drugs PARENTERAL DRUGS Preparing for Parenteral Drug Administration Removing Medications From Ampules Removing Medications From Vials Injections Overview Intradermal Injections Subcutaneous Injections Intramuscular Injections Preparing Intravenous Medications Infusions of Intravenous Piggyback Medications Intravenous Push Medications TOPICAL DRUGS Administering Eye Medications Administering Eardrops Administering Inhaled Drugs Administering Medications to the Skin Administering Nasal Medications Administering Vaginal Medications REFERENCES 2 - Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System 10 - Analgesic Drugs OVERVIEW TREATMENT OF PAIN IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW OPIOID DRUGS Chemical Structure Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Laboratory Test Interactions Dosages Opioid Agonists Opioid Agonists-Antagonists Opioid Antagonists NONOPIOID AND MISCELLANEOUS ANALGESICS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions DRUG PROFILES NONOPIOIDS Opioids Opioid Agonists-Antagonists Opioid Antagonists Nonopioids Opioids Opioid Agonists-Antagonists Opioid Antagonist General Considerations REFERENCES 11 - General and Local Anesthetics OVERVIEW GENERAL ANESTHETICS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions nitrous oxide sevoflurane DRUGS FOR MODERATE SEDATION LOCAL ANESTHETICS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions lidocaine NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs ?Nursing Process 12 - Central Nervous System Depressants and Muscle Relaxants 12 OVERVIEW PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP BENZODIAZEPINES AND MISCELLANEOUS HYPNOTIC DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Benzodiazepines Nonbenzodiazepines Orexin Receptor Antagonists BARBITURATES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages OVER-THE-COUNTER HYPNOTICS MUSCLE RELAXANTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?Nursing Process 13 - Central Nervous System Stimulants and Related Drugs Overview ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER NARCOLEPSY OBESITY MIGRAINE ANALEPTIC-RESPONSIVE RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION SYNDROMES DRUGS FOR ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER AND NARCOLEPSY Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?DRUG PROFILES Amphetamines and Related Stimulants ANOREXIANTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ANTIMIGRAINE DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Serotonin Receptor Agonists Ergot Alkaloids DRUGS FOR SPECIFIC RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION SYNDROMES: ANALEPTICS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects INDICATIONS Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages REFERENCES 14 - Antiepileptic Drugs EPILEPSY ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Barbiturates Hydantoins Iminostilbenes Succinimide Miscellaneous Drugs REFERENCES 15 - Antiparkinson Drugs PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE TREATMENT OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages rasagiline and selegiline DOPAMINE MODULATOR Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Drug Effects Drug Interactions Dosage amantadine CATECHOL ORTHO-METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages entacapone DIRECT-ACTING DOPAMINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS NONDOPAMINE DOPAMINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages bromocriptine pramipexole DOPAMINE REPLACEMENT DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions carbidopa-levodopa ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS ?Nursing Process ?Assessment ?Implementation REFERENCES 16 - Psychotherapeutic Drugs OVERVIEW PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages Benzodiazepines alprazolam diazepam lorazepam Miscellaneous Drug buspirone AFFECTIVE DISORDERS MOOD-STABILIZING DRUGS ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages amitriptyline MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS SECOND-GENERATION ANTIDEPRESSANTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages bupropion citalopram duloxetine fluoxetine mirtazapine trazodone Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Butyrophenone haloperidol Atypical Antipsychotics aripiprazole clozapine risperidone Anxiolytic Drugs Mood-Stabilizing Drugs Antidepressants Antipsychotics ?Implementation Anxiolytic Drugs Mood-Stabilizing Drugs Antidepressants Antipsychotics REFERENCES 17 - Substance Use Disorder OVERVIEW OPIOIDS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Management of Withdrawal, Toxicity, and Overdose STIMULANTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Management of Withdrawal, Toxicity, and Overdose DEPRESSANTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Management of Withdrawal, Toxicity, and Overdose ALCOHOL Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Adverse Effects Interactions Management of Withdrawal, Toxicity, and Overdose NICOTINE Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Adverse Effects Management of Withdrawal, Toxicity, and Overdose ?Nursing Process ?Assessment REFERENCES 3 - Drugs Affecting the Autonomic Nervous System 18 - Adrenergic Drugs OVERVIEW SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ADRENERGIC DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Respiratory Indications Indications for Topical Nasal Decongestants Ophthalmic Indications Overactive Bladder Indications Cardiovascular Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Laboratory Test Interactions Dosages Vasoactive Adrenergics dobutamine fenoldopam midodrine mirabegron ?Assessment ?Implementation REFERENCES 19 - Adrenergic-ŁBlocking Drugs ALPHA BLOCKERS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages phentolamine tamsulosin BETA BLOCKERS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages atenolol carvedilol esmolol labetalol metoprolol propranolol sotalol REFERENCES 20 - Cholinergic Drugs CHOLINERGIC DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Direct-Acting Drugs Indirect-Acting Drugs Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages bethanechol donepezil memantine pyridostigmine 21 - Cholinergic-ŁBlocking Drugs PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Cholinergic-Blocking Drugs Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages atropine dicyclomine glycopyrrolate oxybutynin scopolamine tolterodine REFERENCES 4 - Drugs Affecting the Cardiovascular and Renal Systems 22 - Antihypertensive Drugs ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW REVIEW OF AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMISSION ADRENERGIC DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Alpha2-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulators (Agonists) Alpha1 Blockers doxazosin Dual-Action Alpha1 and Beta Receptor Blockers Beta Receptor Blocker nebivolol ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS DIURETICS VASODILATORS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages MISCELLANEOUS ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS ?Assessment REFERENCES 23 - Antianginal Drugs OVERVIEW PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW NITRATES AND NITRITES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages isosorbide dinitrate isosorbide mononitrate nitroglycerin BETA BLOCKERS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages DRUG PROFILES atenolol metoprolol CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages diltiazem amlodipine Miscellaneous Antianginal Drug ranolazine SUMMARY OF ANTIANGINAL PHARMACOLOGY REFERENCES 24 - Heart Failure Drugs OVERVIEW PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS valsartan valsartan/sacubitril BETA BLOCKERS ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONISTS Miscellaneous Heart Failure Drugs hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate dobutamine ivabradine PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages milrinone CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages digoxin digoxin immune fab ?Human Need Statements REFERENCES 25 - Antidysrhythmic Drugs DYSRHYTHMIAS AND NORMAL CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY Electrocardiography Common Dysrhythmias ANTIDYSRHYTHMIC DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages Class Ia Drugs procainamide quinidine Class Ib Drugs Class Ic Drugs flecainide propafenone Class II Drugs atenolol metoprolol Class III Drugs ibutilide dofetilide sotalol Class IV Drugs diltiazem verapamil Unclassified Antidysrhythmic adenosine 26 - Coagulation Modifier Drugs OVERVIEW PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW ANTICOAGULANTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages ANTIPLATELET DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages aspirin clopidogrel THROMBOLYTIC DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages aminocaproic acid desmopressin tranexamic acid ?Implementation REFERENCES 27 - Antilipemic Drugs OVERVIEW LIPIDS AND LIPID ABNORMALITIES Primary Forms of Lipids Cholesterol Homeostasis ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE FORMATION CHOLESTEROL AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE HYPERLIPIDEMIAS AND TREATMENT GUIDELINES HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL–COENZYME A REDUCTASE (HMG-COA REDUCTASE) INHIBITORS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages BILE ACID SEQUESTRANTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages NIACIN Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages niacin FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages MISCELLANEOUS ANTILIPEMIC DRUGS Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor PSCK-9 INHIBITORS ?Implementation REFERENCES 28 - Diuretic Drugs OVERVIEW PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages acetazolamide LOOP DIURETICS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects SUMMARY OF MAJOR DRUG EFFECTS OF LOOP DIURETICS Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages OSMOTIC DIURETICS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages mannitol POTASSIUM- Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages spironolactone THIAZIDES AND THIAZIDE- Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages hydrochlorothiazide ?Nursing Process REFERENCES 29 - Fluids and Electrolytes OVERVIEW CRYSTALLOIDS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosage sodium chloride COLLOIDS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages albumin dextran BLOOD PRODUCTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages packed red blood cells fresh frozen plasma PHYSIOLOGY OF ELECTROLYTE BALANCE POTASSIUM Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages sodium polystyrene sulfonate (potassium exchange resin) SODIUM Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages sodium chloride conivaptan ?Planning: Outcome Identification ?Implementation 5 - Drugs Affecting the Endocrine and Reproductive Systems 30 - Pituitary Drugs PITUITARY DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages octreotide somatropin ?Nursing Process ?Implementation REFERENCES 31 - Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPOTHYROIDISM PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERTHYROIDISM THYROID REPLACEMENT DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ANTITHYROID DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages propylthiouracil Planning: Outcome Identification ?Evaluation REFERENCES 33 - Adrenal Drugs ADRENAL SYSTEM ADRENAL DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Corticosteroids fludrocortisone prednisone methylprednisolone ?Nursing Process REFERENCES 34 - Women’s Health Drugs FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS FEMALE SEX HORMONES Estrogens Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages estrogen Progestins Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages medroxyprogesterone megestrol CONTRACEPTIVE DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Contraceptive Drugs DRUGS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects . The bisphosphonates work by inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, which in turn indirectly enhances bone mineral den... . Raloxifene helps prevent osteoporosis by stimulating estrogen receptors on bone and increasing bone density in a manner simila... . Like the natural thyroid hormone, calcitonin directly inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption . In contrast to the other therapies described thus far, which inhibit bone resorption, teriparatide was the first drug availabl... . Denosumab (Prolia) is a monoclonal antibody that blocks osteoclast activation, thereby preventing bone resorption. It is given... Indications Contraindications . Contraindications to bisphosphonate use include known drug allergy, hypocalcemia, esophageal dysfunction, and the inability to... . The use of SERMs is contraindicated in women with a known drug allergy, in women who are or may become pregnant, and in women ... . Contraindications to calcitonin use include known drug allergy or allergy to salmon (the drug is salmon derived) . Contraindications to the use of teriparatide include known drug allergy . Contraindications to the use of denosumab are hypocalcemia, renal impairment, pregnancy, and infection Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages alendronate raloxifene calcitonin DRUGS RELATED TO PREGNANCY, LABOR, DELIVERY, AND THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD Fertility Drugs Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages clomiphene 1397256787Uterine Stimulants Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages dinoprostone methylergonovine Drugs for Preterm Labor Management ?NURSING PROCESS 35 - Men’s Health Drugs MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ANDROGENS AND OTHER DRUGS PERTAINING TO MEN’S HEALTH Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ?Nursing Process Implementation REFERENCES 6 - Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System 36 - Antihistamines, Decongestants, Antitussives, and Expectorants OVERVIEW ANTIHISTAMINES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Nonsedating Antihistamines loratadine Traditional Antihistamines diphenhydramine DECONGESTANTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages oxymetazoline ANTITUSSIVES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages benzonatate codeine dextromethorphan EXPECTORANTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages guaifenesin ?Implementation REFERENCES 37 - Respiratory Drugs OVERVIEW PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease TREATMENT OF DISEASES OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT BRONCHODILATORS BETA-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages albuterol salmeterol ANTICHOLINERGICS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Drug Interactions Dosages ipratropium XANTHINE DERIVATIVES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages theophylline NONBRONCHODILATING RESPIRATORY DRUGS LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages montelukast CORTICOSTEROIDS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages fluticasone propionate methylprednisolone PHOSPHODIESTERASE-4 INHIBITOR MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY ANTIASTHMATICS REFERENCES 7 - Antiinfective and Antiinflammatory Drugs 38 - Antibiotics Part 1 MICROBIAL INFECTION Health Care–Associated Infection PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW ANTIBIOTICS SULFONAMIDES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole) BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS PENICILLINS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages Natural Penicillins penicillin G and penicillin V potassium Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins nafcillin Aminopenicillins amoxicillin ampicillin Extended-Spectrum Penicillins CEPHALOSPORINS Dosages DRUG PROFILES First-Generation Cephalosporins cefazolin cephalexin Second-Generation Cephalosporins cefoxitin cefuroxime Third-Generation Cephalosporins ceftriaxone ceftazidime Fourth-Generation Cephalosporins cefepime Fifth-Generation Cephalosporins ceftaroline CARBAPENEMS MONOBACTAMS MACROLIDES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages erythromycin azithromycin and clarithromycin TETRACYCLINES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages demeclocycline doxycycline tigecycline ?NURSING PROCESS ?1397256787Planning: Outcome Identification REFERENCES 39 - Antibiotics Part 2 OVERVIEW PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF RESISTANT INFECTIONS AMINOGLYCOSIDES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages amikacin gentamicin tobramycin neomycin QUINOLONES Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages ciprofloxacin levofloxacin MISCELLANEOUS ANTIBIOTICS clindamycin colistimethate daptomycin linezolid metronidazole nitrofurantoin quinupristin and dalfopristin telavancin vancomycin ?NURSING PROCESS ?1397256787Human Need Statements REFERENCES 40 - Antiviral Drugs GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VIROLOGY OVERVIEW OF VIRAL ILLNESSES AND THEIR TREATMENT HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS AND VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS INFECTIONS Herpes Simplex Viruses Varicella-Zoster Virus HEPATITIS ANTIVIRALS (NON–HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS) Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages amantadine and rimantadine acyclovir entecavir ganciclovir oseltamivir and zanamivir ribavirin sofosbuvir HIV INFECTION AND AIDS DRUGS USED TO TREAT HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages enfuvirtide indinavir maraviroc nevirapine raltegravir tenofovir zidovudine CORONAVIRUS ?NURSING PROCESS Implementation REFERENCES 41 - Antitubercular Drugs ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages bedaquiline ethambutol isoniazid pyrazinamide rifabutin rifampin rifapentine streptomycin ?NURSING PROCESS REFERENCES 42 - Antifungal Drugs FUNGAL INFECTIONS ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages amphotericin B caspofungin fluconazole nystatin terbinafine voriconazole ?NURSING PROCESS REFERENCES 43 - Antimalarial, Antiprotozoal, and Anthelmintic Drugs PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MALARIA ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine mefloquine primaquine pyrimethamine OTHER PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages atovaquone metronidazole pentamidine HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Interactions Dosages praziquantel pyrantel ?NURSING PROCESS REFERENCES 44 - Antiinflammatory and Antigout Drugs OVERVIEW NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects Indications Contraindications Adverse Effects Toxicity and Management of Overdose Interactions Dosages Salicylates aspirin Acetic Acid Derivatives indomethacin ketorolac ibuprofen Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors celecoxib Enolic Acid Derivatives ANTIGOUT DRUGS allopurinol colchicine lesinurad probenecid ?NURSING PROCESS ?Evaluation REFERENCES 8 - Chemotherapeutic Drugs and Biologic and Immune Modifiers 45 - Antineoplastic Drugs Part 1: Cancer Overview and Cell Cycle–Specific Drugs OVERVIEW Etiology of Cancer Age-Related and Sex-Related Differences Genetic and Ethnic Factors Oncogenic Pathogens Occupational and Environmental Carcinogens Radiation Immunologic Factors Cell Growth Cycle Cancer Drug Nomenclature TARGETED DRUG THERAPY CELL CYCLE–SPECIFIC ANTINEOPLASTIC DRUGS Antimetabolites Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects . The antimetabolite methotrexate is an analogue of folic acid. It inhibits the action of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme res... . The purine bases present in DNA and RNA are adenine and guanine (see the discussion in Chapter 46), and they are required for ... . The pyrimidine bases cytosine and