Pharmacogenetics : opportunities and challenges for health innovation

Pharmacogenetics helps us understand the relationship between an individuals genetic make-up and the way medicines work for each person.;This book reviews the use of pharmacogenetics across all stages of the health innovation cycle from research through to uptake by doctors and patients. It focuses on how to optimise the use of pharmacogenetics to deliver effective innovations for public health, and design policies that enhance their economic and social benefits. The book argues for large-scale studies to validate the biomarkers that underpin pharmacogenetics and policies to share the cost and risk of using; pharmacogenetics to improve the use of existing;medicines. Governments and others need to align regulatory, reimbursement and other incentives and work; with industry to measure better the impacts of pharmacogenetics. Health systems need to take positive steps to adapt to the use of pharmacogenetics and ensure that health professionals receive adequate training.Table of Content : Acronyms Executive Summary Chapter 1. Introduction to the Policy Issues-Introduction Table of Contents......Page 7 Foreword......Page 5 Acronyms......Page 9 Executive Summary......Page 11 Introduction to the Policy issues......Page 17 Reducing risks, balancing benefits......Page 18 The pharmaceutical context......Page 21 The clinical context......Page 23 The regulatory and ethical contexts......Page 24 The framework for the OECD pharmacogenetics and health innovation project......Page 25 Structure of the report......Page 27 Notes......Page 28 The Supporting Infrastructures for Pharmacogenetics......Page 29 What are pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics?......Page 31 Technological developments......Page 32 Advancing pharmacogenetics through knowledge networks and open innovation......Page 34 Human genetic research databases: privacy and security issues......Page 35 Target identification and validation......Page 36 Conclusions......Page 41 Notes......Page 42 References......Page 43 Pharmacogenetics and Drug Development......Page 45 Trends in pharmaceutical innovation......Page 46 The pharmaceutical R&D pipeline problem......Page 48 Pharmaceutical industry R&D expenditure: the high cost of clinical trials......Page 52 Reducing the size of clinical trials......Page 54 Conclusions......Page 58 Notes......Page 60 References......Page 61 Business Models for Pharmacogenetics......Page 63 The blockbuster model and pharmacogenetics......Page 64 Challenges and opportunities for the pharmaceutical industry......Page 68 The device and diagnostics industry......Page 70 Challenges in co-development of drugs and tests......Page 72 Creating and capturing value from pharmacogenetics......Page 74 Conclusions......Page 75 Notes......Page 77 References......Page 78 Physician and Patient Demand for Pharmacogenetics......Page 79 The health-care context......Page 81 The role of pharmacogenetics in evidence-based medicine......Page 82 The role of physicians......Page 85 Physicians and the challenge of integrating information......Page 87 Patient demand......Page 89 The issue of access......Page 90 Health-care systems......Page 93 Education and workforce development......Page 94 Conclusions......Page 95 References......Page 96 Regulatory Authorities and Reimbursement Mechanisms......Page 99 The regulatory authorities......Page 100 Labelling of pharmacogenetic drugs......Page 106 Linking pharmacovigilance with pharmacogenetics......Page 107 The impact of reimbursement systems on pharmacogenetics......Page 108 Evidence-based coverage policies......Page 109 Challenges for capturing the value of pharmacogenetics......Page 115 Using economic evaluation techniques in assessing pharmacogenetics......Page 118 Conclusions......Page 119 Notes......Page 121 References......Page 122 Conclusions......Page 125 Pharmacogenetics helps us understand the relationship between an individual's genetic make-up and the way medicines work for each person. This book reviews the use of pharmacogenetics across all stages of the health innovation cycle from research through to uptake by doctors and patients. It focuses on how to optimize the use of pharmacogenetics to deliver effective innovations for public health, and design policies that enhance their economic and social benefits. The book argues for large-scale studies to validate the biomarkers that underpin pharmacogenetics and policies to share the cost and risk of using pharmacogenetics to improve the use of existing medicines. Governments and others need to align regulatory, reimbursement and other incentives and work with industry to measure better the impacts of pharmacogenetics. Health systems need to take positive steps to adapt to the use of pharmacogenetics and ensure that health professionals receive adequate training.--Publisher's description Annotation Pharmacogenetics helps us understand the relationship between an individuals genetic make-up and the way medicines work for each person. This book reviews the use of pharmacogenetics across all stages of the health innovation cycle from research through to uptake by doctors and patients. It focuses on how to optimise the use of pharmacogenetics to deliver effective innovations for public health, and design policies that enhance their economic and social benefits. The book argues for large-scale studies to validate the biomarkers that underpin pharmacogenetics and policies to share the cost and risk of using pharmacogenetics to improve the use of existing medicines. Governments and others need to align regulatory, reimbursement and other incentives and work with industry to measure better the impacts of pharmacogenetics. Health systems need to take positive steps to adapt to the use of pharmacogenetics and ensure that health professionals receive adequate training This Book Reviews How The Emergence Of Pharmacogenetics Will Impact The Efficiency Of Pharmaceutical R&d And Improve Healthcare Decision Making And Clinical Care. It Discusses What Policies Need To Change In Order For The Public To Reap The Benefits From Advances In Diagnostic Genetic Testing.