Pharmaceutical Practice E-Book

This comprehensive book covers a wide range of subjects relevant to pharmacy practice, including communication skills, managing a business, quality assurance, dispensing, calculations, packaging, storage and labeling of medicines, sterilization, prescriptions, hospital-based services, techniques and treatments, adverse drug reactions, pharmacoeconomics, and medicines management. Features useful appendices on medical abbreviations, pharmaceutical Latin terms, weights and measures, and presentation skills. • This is a core text for pharmacy practice and dispensing modules of the pharmacy curriculum • Covers key exam material for essential review and test preparation • Features a user-friendly design with clear headings, chapter summaries, helpful boxes, and key points • Text restructured with 14 new or radically revised chapters. • All text revised in light of current pharmaceutical practice. • New design using two colours. Front cover Pharmaceutical Practice Copyright Contents Contributors Preface Acknowledgements About this book Section 1: Pharmacy practice and society Chapter 1: The role of pharmacy in health care Introduction The changing role of pharmacy The extended role The profession The NHS drugs budget The NHS workforce The current and future roles ofpharmacists The current and future roles ofpharmacists Pharmacy education Conclusion Chapter 2: Models of pharmacy practice within healthcare systems Introduction Healthcare systems Legal classificationof medicines Advertising and availabilityof medicines Education of pharmacists Registration as a pharmacist Community pharmacy Hospital pharmacy Conclusion Chapter 3: Socio-behavioural aspects of health and illness Introduction Defining health and illness Dimensions of health Determinants and models ofhealth Process of illness Health knowledge, beliefs andattitudes Decision analysis andbehavioural decision theory The treatment process Chapter 4: Socio-behavioural aspects of treatment with medicines Introduction Functions of medicines A societal perspective onrational use of medicines Use of medicines Pharmacies and the pharmacyprofession Outcomes of medical treatment Chapter 5: Pharmacy and public health Introduction What is public health pharmacy? Wider determinants of health Lifestyle determinants of health Measuring deprivation Changing habits and lifestyle Conclusion Chapter 6: Types of patient charges for medicines and their impact Introduction Types of cost sharingarrangements Protection mechanisms andexemptions Impact of cost sharing on druguse and health outcomes Impact of cost sharing onpatients and healthcareprofessionals The role of communitypharmacies Conclusion Chapter 7: WHO and the essential medicines concept Introduction The World Health Organization WHO’s work in essentialmedicines The essential medicinesconcept The Model List of EssentialMedicines The WHO Model Formulary The need for essentialmedicines for children Conclusion Section 2: Governance and good professional pharmaceutical practice Chapter 8: Clinical governance – an overview Introduction Clinical governance Quality Clinical governance andpharmacy Professional governance andregulation procedures inpharmacy When things go wrong Chapter 9: Risk management Introduction Human error models Risk management tools Risk to patients in the pharmacysetting Developments in health policy National Patient Safety Agency(NPSA) The risk management process Conclusion Chapter 10: Continuing professional development and fi tness to practise Introduction What is continuing professionaldevelopment? CPD cycle Recording CPD Fitness to practise Conclusion Chapter 11: Audit Introduction: what is audit? Relationship between practiceresearch, service evaluationand audit Types of audit What is measured in audit? The audit cycle Learning through audit Chapter 12: Ethics Introduction Morals, values and ethics Ethical theories Principlism and the four ethicalprinciples Principlist ethics and research Morals and law Applied and professional ethics Ethical issues in health care Ethics and pharmacy Conclusion Chapter 13: Communication skills for the pharmacist Introduction Assumptions and expectations What is communication? Listening skills Questioning skills A model for guiding thepharmacist–patient interview Patterns of behaviour incommunication Empathy Barriers to communication Confidentiality Special needs Difficult situations in pharmacy Conclusion Chapter 14: Relationship with other members of the healthcare team Introduction What is teamwork? The healthcare team The community healthcare team Role of the pharmacist inteamwork Conclusion Chapter 15: Record keeping Introduction Why keep records? What to record? Barriers to record keeping The future of records The Data Protection Act 1998 Confidentiality Records of supply Clinical governance records Consultation records Section 3: Pharmacy prescribing and selection of medicines Chapter 16: Access to medicines and prescribing – introduction Introduction Independent prescribing Supplementary prescribing Patient group directions Minor ailment schemes Influences on prescribing Clinical governance inprescribing Code of Ethics Chapter 17: The prescribing process and evidence-based medicine Introduction The prescribing process Evidence-based medicine Chapter 18: Formularies Different types of formularies Benefits of formularies Formulary development Formulary managementsystems Chapter 19: Drug evaluation and pharmacoeconomics Safety, efficacy and economy Pre-marketing studies Post-marketing studies Pharmacoeconomic evaluationof medicines Drug utilization review andevaluation Chapter 20: Complementary/alternative medicine Introduction Extent of use of CAM Reasons for use of CAM Regulation of CAM Pharmacy and provision of CAM Efficacy and safety of CAMapproaches The future for complementarymedicines Chapter 21: Routes of administration and dosage forms Introduction Routes of administration Dosage forms Chapter 22: Prescribing for minor ailments Introduction The concept and growth ofself-care Getting information from thepatient Drawing together information Physical examination Picking up on non-verbal cues Outcomes from the consultation Conclusion Chapter 23: Information retrieval Introduction Where does information existand how can it be retrieved? Directory of useful websites Searching the Internet The sequence of information Information services Conclusion Section 4: Dispensing and related pharmaceutical practice activities Chapter 24: The prescription Introduction Information required on aprescription Types of prescription forms Routine procedure fordispensing prescriptions Information sources Chapter 25: Dispensing techniques (compounding and good practice) Introduction The working environment andprocedures Equipment Manipulative techniques Ingredients Problem solving inextemporaneous dispensing Counting devices Automated dispensing systems Conclusion Chapter 26: Pharmaceutical calculations Introduction Expressions of concentration Calculating quantities from amaster formula Changing concentrations Calculations where quantity ofingredients is too small to weighor measure accurately Solubilities Calculations involving doses Reconstitution and infusion Self-assessment questions Self-assessment answers Chapter 27: Packaging Introduction Primary and secondarypackaging Packaging materials Closures Collapsible tubes Unit-dose packaging Paper Patient pack dispensing Chapter 28: Labelling of dispensed medicines Introduction Standard requirements forlabelling dispensed medicines Additional labellingrequirements Legal requirements in certaincircumstances Errors in labelling Self-assessment questions Self-assessment answers Chapter 29: Production of sterile products Introduction Sterile product production Premises Environmental control Untitled Environmental monitoring Aseptic preparation Testing for sterility Chapter 30: Solutions Introduction Solutions for oral dosage Solutions for otherpharmaceutical uses Expression of concentration Formulation of solutions Oral syringes Diluents Chapter 31: Suspensions Introduction Pharmaceutical applications ofsuspensions Properties of a goodpharmaceutical suspension Formulation of suspensions The dispensing of suspensions Chapter 32: Emulsions Introduction Pharmaceutical applications ofemulsions Emulsion types Formulation of emulsions Dispensing emulsions Chapter 33: External preparations Introduction Types of skin preparation Ingredients used in skinpreparations Dispensing of externalpreparations Transdermal delivery systems Chapter 34: Suppositories and pessaries Introduction Suppository bases Preparation of suppositories Containers for suppositories Shelf life Labelling for suppositories Patient advice Chapter 35: Powders and granules Introduction Powders for internal use Powders for external use Chapter 36: Oral unit dosage forms Introduction Tablets Capsules Other oral unit dosage forms Chapter 37: Inhaled route The role of the pharmacist Introduction The inhaled route Inhaled medicines used forasthma and COPD The peak flow meter Types of inhaler device Chapter 38: Parenteral products Introduction Administration procedures Products for parenteral use Formulation of parenteralproducts Special injections Large-volume parenteralproducts Chapter 39: Ophthalmic products Introduction Anatomy and physiology of theeye Formulation of eye drops Preparation of eye drops Labelling of containers Instillation of eye drops Formulation of eye lotions Formulation of eye ointments Ophthalmic inserts Contact lenses and theirsolutions Contact lenses Hard lens solutions Soft lens solutions Advice to patients Chapter 40: Specialized services Introduction Cancer chemotherapy Classification of drugs used incancer chemotherapy Targeted therapies Dose and schedule ofchemotherapy Occupational exposure risks Provision of a pharmacy-basedchemotherapy preparationservice Administration of cytotoxicmedicines Provision of chemotherapyat home Centralized intravenous additiveservice (CIVAS) Infusion stability and shelf lifeassignment Provision of IV doses for homepatients Chapter 41: Parenteral nutrition and dialysis Introduction Provision of nutritional support Indications for TPN Assessment of the patient inhospital The nutrition team Components of a TPNformulation Compounding of TPN and HPNformulations Compounding of HPNformulations by commercialcompanies Potential complications arisingduring compounding andadministration of TPNformulations Addition of medicines to a TPNor HPN bag Administration of TPN/HPNformulations Potential problems for HPNpatents Training for HPN patients Services provided by home-carecompanies The British Parenteral NutritionGroup Introduction to kidney diseaseand dialysis therapy Community dialysis teams UK Renal Pharmacy Group(UKRPG) Chapter 42: Radiopharmacy Introduction Radionuclides used in nuclearmedicine Radionuclide production Principles of 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticalproduction The production of 99mTc – themolybdenum/technetiumgenerator Preparation of 99mTcradiopharmaceuticals Radiation protection in theradiopharmacy Chapter 43: Storage of medicines and waste disposal Introduction Expiry date Packaging Stock control in the pharmacy The stock supply chain Storage in fridges Waste Chapter 44: Communication skills – role of the pharmacist in giving advice and information Introduction What is information andadvice giving in pharmacy? The need for information andadvice giving The aims of information andadvice Opportunities for givinginformation and advice How to provide informationand advice Who to counsel Stages in the information/advicegiving process Aids to information and advicegiving Some examples Section 5: Pharmacy services and monitoring the medicine-taking patient Chapter 45: Collection and delivery services Introduction Prescription collection services Prescription delivery services Repeat medication services Delivery of medication throughInternet pharmacies Advertising prescriptioncollection, delivery and repeatmedication services Handling prescription chargesfor delivery patients Chapter 46: Concordance Introduction What is concordance? The concordance model The evidence for concordance Concerns about concordance Conclusion Chapter 47: Monitoring the patient Introduction The Yellow Card scheme The role of the pharmacist The medicines use review(MUR)/prescription interventionservice Carrying out an MUR Chapter 48: Services for vulnerable patients Vulnerable patients Government policies forvulnerable patients Pharmacists and vulnerablepatients Drug use in vulnerable patients Pharmaceutical services tochildren and young people Pharmaceutical services toolder people Pharmaceutical servicesto the mentally ill Pharmaceutical servicesto care homes Chapter 49: Substance use and misuse Introduction Substances that are used andtheir effects Whydo people use psychoactivedrugs? The harms relating topsychoactive drug use anddependence Legislation The management of drug useand dependence Service providers Pharmaceutical care Needle and syringe exchange Use of pharmacotherapies indrug dependence Pharmaceutical dispensingservices Appendices Appendix 1: Medical abbreviations Introduction Appendix 2: Latin terms and abbreviations Introduction Dosage forms Terms used in prescriptions Appendix 3: Systems of weights and measures Introduction General Units of weight Volume Amount of substance Concentration Length Appendix 4: Presentation skills Introduction Preparation Visual aids Communication Delivery Appendix 5: Key references and further reading Introduction Frequently used references Index This comprehensive book covers a wide range of subjects relevant to pharmacy practice, including communication skills, managing a business, quality assurance, dispensing, calculations, packaging, storage and labeling of medicines, sterilization, prescriptions, hospital-based services, techniques and treatments, adverse drug reactions, pharmacoeconomics, and medicines management. It features useful appendices on medical abbreviations, pharmaceutical Latin terms, weights and measures, and presentation skills Pharmaceutical Practice 4/e IE [Paperback] [Jan 01, 2009] Winfield