Peter Wallensteen: A Pioneer in Making Peace Researchable: With a Foreword by Jan Eliasson and a Preface by Raimo Väyrynen (Pioneers in Arts, Humanities, Science, Engineering, Practice, 30)

This book provides a broad overview of what peace research is all about by an author who has been involved in the field for more than half a century. Among other things it gives a unique review of how peace research emerged in Sweden as the author was a key actor in the most crucial events during this formative period. The book also portrays how the discipline has grown from an initial focus on “alternatives to war” to the comprehensive study of the many dimensions of a “lasting and positive peace”. The author's own work covers causes of war, sanctions, conflict resolution, conflict data, mediation, and quality peace. They demonstrate the range of topics that have to be understood for a peace with quality. This is exemplified by some of the author's writings specifically selected for this volume plus a few ones original to it. Some accounts of the author's involvements in actual peace processes in the 1990s are also included. This publication offers a substantial contribution to understanding the evolution of peace research as a field and is an important reading for scholars, policy makers, journalists, students and any aspiring peace researcher as well as for the public at large. • Peter Wallensteen is a global pioneer of peace research due to his involvement in the creation of the Department of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University ¬– a major center in the field. He served as Head of Department from 1972 to 1999. • Peter Wallensteen set up and directed the well-known Uppsala Conflict Data Program, UCDP, the global resource for the study of armed conflicts and peace negotiations, 1978-2015. • Peter Wallensteen was the first holder of the Dag Hammarskjöld Chair in Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University, 1985-2012. • He was also the first holder of the position as the Richard G. Starmann Sr. Research Professor of Peace Studies at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame, USA, 2006-2018. Foreword Preface Acknowledgements On This Volume Contents Abbreviations Part I The Author 1 The Making of a Peace Researcher Abstract 1.1 Researching Peace 1.2 Appreciating Cooperation 1.3 Entering Uppsala University 1.4 Discovering Peace Research 1.5 Grasping University Affairs 1.6 Becoming Dag Hammarskjöld Professor 1.7 Globalizing the Department 1.8 Developing the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, UCDP 1.9 Taking on Public Service Assignments 1.10 Understanding Conflict Resolution 1.11 Connecting to the World 1.12 Experiencing Other Universities 1.13 Characterizing My Research 2 Comprehensive Bibliography of Peter Wallensteen Abstract 2.1 Books, Monographs, Edited Works, Major Reports 2.2 Articles in Scholarly Books and Journals Part II Peaceful Means 3 Foundational Debates for the Study of Societal Problems: Lessons from Peace Research Abstract 3.1 Peace Research as an Example 3.2 Peace Research in the Nordic Countries: A Short History 3.3 Foundational Topics 3.3.1 The First Debate: Action or Research? 3.3.2 The Second Debate: Urgent Issues or Long-Term Change? 3.3.3 The Third Debate: Inside or Outside the Universities? 3.3.4 The Fourth Debate: Autonomy or Merger? 3.3.5 The Fifth Debate: Conditions for a Creative Environment: Cooperative or Adversarial? 3.4 Conclusions 4 The Origins of Contemporary Peace Research Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Peace Research, Violence and Peace 4.3 Empirical Peace Research and Social Ethics 4.4 Global Traumas and the Development of Peace Research 4.4.1 The World War I Trauma, Causes of War Research, and International Organizations 4.4.2 The Trauma of World War II and Disarmament Research 4.4.3 The Cold War Trauma and Conflict Theory 4.4.4 The Trauma of the Vietnam War and Asymmetric Conflict 4.4.5 The Post-Cold War Period and Peacebuilding Research 4.5 Traumas, Hopes and the Future of Peace Research 4.6 Summary References 5 The Uppsala Code of Ethics for Scientists Abstract 5.1 Ethical Problems in Research 5.2 The Responsibility of Scientists 5.3 Individual Responsibility 5.4 Ecology and War 5.5 Negative or Positive Code? 5.6 Duty to Inform References B Refining Sanctions 6 Characteristics of Economic Sanctions Abstract 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Economic Sanctions 6.3 General Features of Economic Sanctions 6.3.1 Success 6.3.2 Sender-Oriented Theories 6.3.3 Receiver-Oriented Theories 6.3.4 SR-Relation-Oriented Theories 6.3.5 Environment-Oriented Theories 6.4 Conclusion 6.5 Implications 7 Targeting the Right Targets? The UN Use of Individual Sanctions Abstract 7.1 The Rise of Smart Sanctions 7.2 The Theory of Targeting Individuals 7.3 Eight Cases of UN Sanctions 2000–2009 7.4 Closeness to Power 7.5 Political Compliance: The Evidence 7.6 A Future for Individual Sanctions? 8 Targeting Sanctions and Ending Armed Conflicts: First Steps Towards a New Research Agenda Abstract 8.1 Sanctions and Ending Conflict 8.2 A Note on Questions, Data, Definitions and Hypotheses 8.3 The Contemporary Literature on UN Targeted Sanctions 8.4 Sanctions and Armed Conflict Since the End of the Cold War 8.4.1 Armed Conflict and the Use of UN Targeted Sanctions 8.4.2 UN Targeted Sanctions and Type of Armed Conflict 8.4.3 UN Targeted Sanctions and the Phases and Intensity of Armed Conflict 8.4.4 UN Targeted Sanctions, Armed Conflicts and Conflict Resolution 8.4.5 Sanctions and Unresolved Conflicts 8.5 Conclusion C Developing Mediation 9 Going Ahead: Lessons for Mediation Theory and Practice Abstract 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Mediation Mandate 9.3 Mediation Outcome 9.4 Mediation Resources 9.5 Styles in International Mediation 9.5.1 Scope: Inclusive or Exclusive 9.5.2 Method: Forcing or Fostering 9.5.3 Mode: Confidential or Open Mediation 9.5.4 Focus: From Narrow to Wide Peace 9.6 Comparing Mediation Styles 9.7 Ten Implications for Mediation Research and Mediation Practice 9.7.1 First: Incorporate Learning into the Mediation Process 9.7.2 Second: Understand the Mandate 9.7.3 Third: Make Way for Specific Styles in Mediation 9.7.4 Fourth: Assess the Humanitarian Aspect of Mediation 9.7.5 Fifth: Focus on the Chances for Direct Dialogue 9.7.6 Sixth: Create Institutional Support for Mediation 9.7.7 Seventh: Be Alert to the Proliferation of Parties 9.7.8 Eighth: Relate to Other Third Parties 9.7.9 Ninth: Find a Way to Intra-Party Mediation 9.7.10 Tenth: Be Open to Different Outcomes and Exits 10 Talking Peace: International Mediation in Armed Conflicts Abstract 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Defining Mediation 10.3 Mediation Data 10.4 Frequency of Mediation 10.5 Strategies in Mediation 10.6 Bias and Mediation 10.7 Mediation Coordination 10.8 Mediation and Outcomes 10.9 Challenges to Mediation Research References 11 Munich, Majors and Mediation Abstract 11.1 Challenges to Mediation 11.2 Dealing with the Munich Syndrome 11.3 Dealing with the Major Powers 11.4 A Final Note on Institution Building References Electronic Resources D Organizing the World 12 Representing the World: A Security Council for the 21st Century Abstract 12.1 An Active Security Council 12.2 Legitimacy and Representation 12.3 Senatorial Members and Qualified Majority 12.4 Is It Practical? 13 International Conflict Resolution, UN and Regional Organizations. The Balance Sheet Abstract 13.1 The Problem 13.2 Chapter VIII in the UN Charter 13.3 The Present Context 13.4 Regional Conflict and Regional Organizations 13.5 Regional Approaches to Regional Conflicts 13.6 Global Versus Regional Peacemaking: The Balance Sheet References 14 The United Nations Security Council in State-Based Armed Conflicts, 2003–2012 Abstract 14.1 The Role of the Security Council in Armed Conflicts 14.2 The Powers of the Security Council 14.2.1 Chapter VI Powers 14.2.2 Chapter VII Powers 14.2.3 The Choice of Chapter VI or Chapter VII Powers 14.3 State-Based Conflicts and Wars 14.4 Conflicts with the Most and Least Attention 14.5 Geographical Patterns 14.6 Veto Voting Patterns 14.7 Conclusions Part III War Part III E Understanding Causes of War 15 Four Models of Major Power Politics: Geopolitik, Realpolitik, Idealpolitik and Kapitalpolitik Abstract 15.1 The System of States 15.2 One Assumption and Four Models 15.3 Three State Systems in 160 Years 16 Universalism Versus Particularism: On the Limits of Major Power Order Abstract 16.1 Universalism Versus Particularism 16.2 Identifying Universalism and Particularism 16.3 Universalism and Particularism in Practice 16.4 From Universalism to Particularism, and Vice-Versa 16.5 Limits of Major Power Universalism References 17 What’s in a War? Lessons from a Conflict Data Program Abstract 17.1 The Importance of Understanding “War” 17.2 Who Defines War? 17.3 Peace Research and the War Definition 17.4 Non-state and One-sided Conflicts 17.5 Conflict Trends and Peacemaking References F Preventing Violent Conflict 18 Dag Hammarskjöld and the Psychology of Conflict Diplomacy Abstract 18.1 The Relevance of Dag Hammarskjöld 18.2 Conflict Diplomacy 18.3 Hammarskjöld’s Record of Conflict Diplomacy 18.3.1 Agenda Diplomacy 18.3.2 Agreement Diplomacy 18.3.3 Implementation Diplomacy 18.4 Success and Diplomatic Psychology 18.5 Special Features of Hammarskjöld’s Diplomacy 18.5.1 Travel Diplomacy: Going to the Area of Conflict 18.5.2 Build on Mutual and Personal Trust 18.5.3 Creating Diplomatic Leverage 18.5.4 Act Early, When Possible 18.5.5 Coalition-Building 18.5.6 Protect the Integrity of the Office of the Secretary General 18.5.7 Multi-Arena Diplomacy 18.5.8 Hammarskjöld’s Risk-Taking 18.5.9 Stamina and Simplicity 18.6 Conclusions for Diplomacy References 19 International Response to Crises of Democratization in War-Torn Societies Abstract 19.1 The Post-War Situation 19.2 A Democratization Crisis: Uganda 2005 19.3 International Response: React or Not? 19.4 International Response: When? 19.5 International Response: For How Long? 19.6 International Reactions: By Which Means? 19.7 Conclusions 20 Preventing Genocide: The International Response Abstract 20.1 Genocide and Civil War 20.2 Peacekeeping and the Prevention of Genocide 20.3 Preventive Diplomacy, War, and Genocide 20.4 Targeted Sanctions and the Prevention of Genocide 20.5 Success in Genocide Prevention? The Case of Côte d’Ivoire 20.5.1 Genocide Danger in Côte d’Ivoire 20.5.2 The International Response 20.5.2.1 Peacekeeping 20.5.2.2 Sanctions 20.5.2.3 Preventive Diplomacy 20.5.3 Côte d’Ivoire: The Route Away from Genocide? 20.6 International Coherence and Genocide Prevention References Part IV Peace Part IV G Searching for Quality Peace 21 Peacebuilding, Victory and Quality Peace Abstract 21.1 The Challenge of Peace After War 21.2 Peacebuilding: A Conceptual History 21.3 Victory, World Order, and Quality Peace 21.4 Perspectives on Peace After War 22 Conditions for Quality Peace: A Regional Approach Abstract 22.1 Introducing Quality Peace 22.2 Quality Peace in the Regional Setting 22.3 Challenges from Recent History 22.4 Territorial Peace 22.4.1 General Findings 22.4.2 Territorial Peace in Europe 22.4.3 Territorial Peace and Democracy 22.5 Democratic Peace 22.5.1 General Findings 22.5.2 Democracy and Peace in Europe 22.6 East Asia and Quality Peace 22.6.1 Territorial Armed Conflicts in East Asia 22.6.2 East Asia and Governmental Conflicts Between States 22.7 The Realpolitik Alternative 22.8 Lessons for Other Regions References Data Archives 23 Developing Quality Peace: Moving Forward Abstract 23.1 Quality Peace 23.2 The Five Dimensions 23.3 Sequences and Weight of the Dimensions 23.4 Methodological Requirements 23.5 Moving Forward References H Gendering Global Agendas 24 Resolution 1325 (2000): A Note on Its Background Abstract 24.1 Gender in the 1990s 24.2 A Project on Gender and Peacekeeping Operations 24.3 From Research Report to Action Plan 24.4 Comparing the Declaration and the Resolution 24.5 Concluding Observations 25 Alva Myrdal’s Approach to International Disarmament Abstract 25.1 The Role of Alva Myrdal 25.2 Strand I: An Appeal to Economic Reason! 25.3 Strand II: There Must Be Alternative Ways to Security! 25.4 Strand III: Somebody Has to Listen, Find That Audience! 26 Gendering International Affairs Abstract 26.1 Gender and Peace 26.2 Toward Women’s Empowerment 26.3 Gender Inequality and Armed Conflict 26.4 Gendering International Analysis References I Connecting Peace and Development 27 Scarce Goods as Political Weapons: The Case of Food Abstract 27.1 The Power of Economic Commodities 27.2 American Grain Power 27.2.1 Scarcity 27.2.2 Supply Concentration and Demand Dispersion 27.2.3 Action Independence 27.3 Instruments of American Grain Power 27.3.1 The Market and the Corporations 27.3.2 The Government and PL 480 27.4 Experiences of American Grain Power 27.4.1 Objectives and Forms of Power 27.4.2 The Reward Approach 27.4.3 The Punishment Approach 27.4.4 The Use of American Grain Power 27.5 Remedies for American Grain Power 27.5.1 Reduction of Scarcity 27.5.2 Reduction of Supply Concentration 27.5.3 Reduction of Demand Dispersion 27.5.4 Reduction of American Action Independence 28 The Politics of Base Closing: Some Swedish Experiences Abstract 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Narrowing Margins for Military Expenditure 28.3 The Politics of Base-Closure 28.3.1 Contradictions in Defense Priorities 28.3.2 Contradictions in Social Reform 28.4 The 1973 Decision: Eliminate One, Add Another 28.4.1 Uppsala-Enköping 28.4.1.1 Contradicting Defense Concerns 28.4.1.2 Contradicting Local Concerns 28.4.2 Arvidsjaur 28.4.2.1 Defense Concerns 28.4.2.2 Local (Social Reform) Concerns 28.4.2.3 Comparisons 28.5 Lessons for Disarmament 28.5.1 Economic Drawbacks 28.5.2 A Growing-Sum Game 28.5.3 Political Power 29 Disaster and Conflict: Conflict Formations in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa, 1971–1976 Abstract 29.1 Introduction 29.1.1 One Problem and Three Models 29.1.2 One Set of Events 29.1.3 Outline of the Contents 29.2 Methodological Considerations 29.2.1 Incompatibility 29.2.2 Drought Impact 29.2.3 Conflict Behavior 29.3 Conclusions 29.3.1 Drought and Conflict: Policy Implications 29.3.2 Disaster and Conflict: Implications for Conflict Theory 30 International Freshwater Resources: Conflict or Cooperation? Abstract 30.1 Water: Its Importance and Availability 30.2 Water Resources and International Conflicts 30.2.1 International Rivers 30.2.2 International River Disputes 30.2.3 Case Analyses 30.2.3.1 The Colorado River 30.2.3.2 The Rhine River 30.2.3.3 The Paraná River 30.2.3.4 The Nile River 30.2.3.5 The Ganges River 30.2.3.6 Comparing the Five Cases 30.3 Searching for Ways to Share International Rivers 30.4 Conclusions J Acting for Peace—Academic Diplomacy 31 Strengths and Limits of Academic Diplomacy: The Case of Bougainville Abstract 31.1 The Beginning 31.2 Entering the Conflict 31.3 The Parties 31.4 A Third Party Perspective 31.5 Secondary Parties 31.6 The Agreement 31.7 Exit of a Third Party 31.8 Lessons for Mediation References 32 An Experiment in Academic Diplomacy Abstract 32.1 The Invitation 32.2 The Setting 32.3 Experiment One: Creating Format 32.4 Experiment Two: Finding Balance 32.5 Experiment Three: Focusing Discussions 32.6 Experiment Four: Keeping Momentum 32.7 Learning Lessons References Index